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La evolución del cáncer y el envejecimiento: una historia de restricción
1Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. jp@senescence.info.
Nature reviews. Cancer
|August 26, 2025
Resumen
Las especies evolucionan vidas más largas reduciendo el riesgo de cáncer, pero los mecanismos de supresión del cáncer como el acortamiento de los telómeros pueden acelerar inadvertidamente el envejecimiento y limitar la reparación de los tejidos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva
- Gerontología
- Investigación sobre el cáncer
Sus antecedentes:
- El envejecimiento y el cáncer son procesos biológicos fundamentales en organismos multicelulares.
- Las tasas de cáncer y envejecimiento muestran una variación significativa entre especies, destacando las influencias evolutivas.
- Estos procesos, aunque aparentemente opuestos, están interconectados e influenciados por la selección natural.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para explorar las compensaciones evolutivas entre la resistencia al cáncer y el envejecimiento.
- Investigar cómo los mecanismos desarrollados para suprimir el cáncer pueden afectar el proceso de envejecimiento.
- Comprender las limitaciones a la evolución de la esperanza de vida impuestas por la reducción del riesgo de cáncer.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis conceptual de las presiones evolutivas sobre el envejecimiento y el cáncer.
- Examen de los mecanismos moleculares que vinculan la supresión tumoral con el envejecimiento.
- Conocimientos biológicos comparativos sobre el envejecimiento específico de la especie y las tasas de cáncer.
Principales resultados:
- La selección natural favorece la resistencia al cáncer, lo que potencialmente restringe la evolución de la vida.
- Mecanismos como el acortamiento de los telómeros y la senescencia celular, cruciales para la supresión del cáncer, pueden promover el envejecimiento.
- Las estrategias de supresión tumoral pueden limitar la proliferación celular y la regeneración de tejidos, lo que contribuye al deterioro relacionado con la edad.
Conclusiones:
- La resistencia al cáncer es esencial para la evolución de la longevidad, pero puede impulsar el envejecimiento.
- Los mecanismos de supresión tumoral pueden contribuir inadvertidamente a la degeneración del tejido relacionada con la edad.
- La comprensión de estas compensaciones ofrece información sobre los procesos fundamentales del envejecimiento.
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