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Determinantes sociodemográficos, de salud y ambientales del retraso del habla en los niños: un estudio de casos y
Suhaila A Ali1, Maged El-Setouhy, Osama Albasheer
1Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Medicine
|August 27, 2025
Resumen
Los niños, la educación inferior de los padres, los antecedentes familiares de retraso en el habla y afecciones como el autismo, el TDAH y la pérdida de audición son factores de riesgo significativos para el retraso en el habla en los niños. La detección y las intervenciones tempranas son cruciales para los jóvenes en riesgo.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud pediátrica
- Psicología del desarrollo
- Salud pública
Sus antecedentes:
- El retraso en el habla afecta el desarrollo académico, social y de comunicación de los niños.
- La comprensión de los factores de riesgo es crucial para la intervención temprana, especialmente en poblaciones diversas.
- La investigación existente tiene lagunas en la identificación de determinantes integrales del retraso del habla.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Identificar los factores sociodemográficos, de salud y ambientales asociados con el retraso del habla en los niños.
- Analizar la influencia de la educación de los padres, los antecedentes familiares y las condiciones de salud específicas en el retraso del habla.
- Proporcionar pruebas para intervenciones específicas y programas de detección temprana.
Principales métodos:
- Un diseño de estudio de casos y controles ajustado a la edad.
- Datos recogidos de 282 casos y 409 controles entre septiembre de 2022 y mayo de 2023.
- Utilizó análisis descriptivo y regresión logística, ajustando factores de confusión como la edad, el sexo y la historia familiar.
Principales resultados:
- Los niños mostraron una probabilidad significativamente mayor de retraso del habla (OR: 3,05).
- Los antecedentes familiares de retraso del habla (OR: 2,38) y los niveles educativos más bajos de los padres (Padre OR: 4,21, Madre OR: 2,45) se asociaron fuertemente con un mayor riesgo.
- La asistencia a la guardería y las condiciones de salud, incluidos el autismo, el TDAH y la pérdida auditiva, fueron predictores significativos (P < .05).
Conclusiones:
- El género, la educación de los padres, los antecedentes familiares y las condiciones de salud específicas son factores clave para predecir el retraso en el habla infantil.
- Los hallazgos hacen hincapié en la necesidad de una identificación temprana y un apoyo personalizado para los niños en riesgo.
- Se recomienda una mayor investigación sobre las interacciones ambientales y genéticas para perfeccionar las estrategias de prevención.
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