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Carga global de cáncer en las mujeres, 1990-2021: un análisis sistemático del estudio GBD 2021
Yun Mao1, Yebo Gao2, Yongjie He3
1Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Frontiers in oncology
|August 27, 2025
Resumen
La carga global de cáncer femenino está aumentando, con un aumento del cáncer de mama y un cáncer de cuello uterino que afecta desproporcionadamente a las regiones de bajos ingresos. Abordar las disparidades requiere vacunación contra el VPH, cribado y control de la obesidad.
Área de la Ciencia:
- En el campo de la oncología
- Epidemiología
- Salud pública
Sus antecedentes:
- Los cánceres femeninos (mamario, cervical, uterino, ovárico) representan una preocupación significativa para la salud mundial.
- Comprender su carga, tendencias y disparidades es crucial para una intervención efectiva.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la carga global, las disparidades y las tendencias de los cánceres femeninos de 1990 a 2021.
- Identificar los factores clave que contribuyen y las estrategias de intervención eficaces.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizados datos del Estudio de la Carga Global de Enfermedades (GBD, por sus siglas en inglés) (1990-2021) y informes recientes.
- Se analizaron la incidencia, la mortalidad y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (DALY) en 204 países, estratificados por índice sociodemográfico (SDI).
- Utilizó análisis de regresión y espacio-temporales para explorar los vínculos con los factores de riesgo y el acceso a la asistencia sanitaria.
Principales resultados:
- La incidencia de cáncer de mama aumentó en un 28%, fuertemente correlacionada con un mayor SDI y factores de estilo de vida.
- La carga del cáncer de cuello uterino persiste en las regiones de ingresos bajos y medios, correlacionada negativamente con la IDS, a pesar de la disminución de la tasa de mortalidad mundial.
- La incidencia de cáncer uterino aumentó debido a la obesidad, mientras que la mortalidad por cáncer de ovario sigue siendo alta debido al diagnóstico tardío. El VPH, el tabaco y las conductas reproductivas son riesgos clave.
Conclusiones:
- La carga mundial del cáncer femenino pone de relieve importantes desafíos de salud pública y desigualdades en el acceso a la atención médica.
- Las intervenciones prioritarias incluyen la vacunación contra el VPH, el cribado accesible y el control de la obesidad.
- Las políticas basadas en datos y centradas en la equidad son esenciales para mitigar las disparidades mundiales en la carga del cáncer femenino.
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