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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

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Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Stability of Conjugated Dienes01:28

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

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A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.
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Caracterización de la interdependencia de alto orden a través de la conjugación entrópica

Fernando E Rosas1,2,3,4, Aaron J Gutknecht5, Pedro A M Mediano6,7

  • 1Sussex AI and Sussex Centre for Consciousness Science, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.

Communications physics
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

Introducimos la conjugación entrópica, un nuevo principio para entender las dependencias de alto orden en sistemas complejos. Este marco aclara las medidas existentes e identifica a la información de origen como una herramienta clave para analizar las interacciones del sistema.

Palabras clave:
Teoría de la información y computaciónFísica estadística, termodinámica y dinámica no lineal

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia de los sistemas complejos
  • Teoría de la información
  • Física estadística

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los fenómenos de alto orden son comunes en sistemas complejos, pero difíciles de caracterizar formalmente.
  • Las medidas teóricas de la información existentes de interdependencias de alto orden carecen de fundamentos y relaciones conceptuales claras.
  • Esta ambigüedad dificulta la selección de herramientas analíticas adecuadas para las aplicaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Introducir la conjugación entrópica como un principio formal para investigar las medidas de orden superior.
  • Aclarar la naturaleza y las relaciones de las medidas de dependencia de alto nivel existentes.
  • Identificar las lagunas en la literatura actual sobre la cuantificación de las interacciones complejas de los sistemas.

Principales métodos:

  • Introducción formal del principio de conjugación entrópica.
  • Análisis de las propiedades de simetría y de sesgo de las cantidades teóricas de la información.
  • Investigación de la escala de costes de estimación de las medidas de orden superior con el tamaño del sistema.

Principales resultados:

  • La conjugación entrópica proporciona un marco unificador para las medidas de orden superior.
  • El principio pone de manifiesto las lagunas y aclara la naturaleza de las medidas existentes.
  • La información O se identifica como una medida única de simetría de sesgo con un costo de estimación lineal.

Conclusiones:

  • La conjugación entrópica ofrece un enfoque basado en principios para analizar las interdependencias de alto orden.
  • La simetría y la sesgo-simetría son indicadores cruciales para un análisis equilibrado.
  • La O-información surge como una medida natural y eficiente para sistemas complejos.