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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Pollination and Flower Structure02:40

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Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.  
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica
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El análisis comparativo del plastoma revela la dinámica evolutiva y los patrones de uso de codones en Bidens

Ying Xue1, Shaowei Qin1, Zhangchen Xianyu1

  • 1School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.

Functional & integrative genomics
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

La evolución del plastoma en Bidens muestra una estructura conservada pero cambios de secuencia activos impulsados por la selección natural, revelando una evolución adaptativa en genes clave. Este estudio ofrece información sobre la rápida diversificación de las angiospermas.

Palabras clave:
Los BidensSesgo en el uso del codónGenómica comparadaAnálisis evolutivoRelaciones filogenéticasPlastomaRepeticiones de secuencias simples

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Last Updated: Sep 10, 2025

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Genómica de las plantas
  • Biología evolutiva
  • Filogenomía

Sus antecedentes:

  • La evolución del plastoma en diversas angiospermas no se entiende completamente, especialmente los impulsores del sesgo de uso de codones (CUB) y la evolución adaptativa.
  • El género Bidens (Asteraceae) es un grupo diverso con un valor económico y medicinal significativo, lo que lo convierte en un modelo clave para los estudios evolutivos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la evolución del plastoma en Bidens mediante el análisis de la estructura del genoma, las SSR, CUB y las presiones de selección.
  • Comprender los mecanismos que impulsan el CUB y la evolución adaptativa dentro de este género rico en especies.

Principales métodos:

  • Reunió el plastoma completo de Bidens alba y realizó análisis comparativos en 31 especies de Bidens.
  • Se utilizó la reconstrucción filogenómica, la caracterización estructural, el análisis SSR, las relaciones Ka/Ks y la evaluación CUB.

Principales resultados:

  • Los plastomas de Bidens están estructuralmente conservados con sesgo de AT y SSR de mononucleótidos.
  • La selección natural impulsa CUB, con la mayoría de los genes bajo selección purificadora, pero ycf2 y accD muestran evolución adaptativa.
  • El análisis filogenómico confirma la monofilia de Bidens y resuelve las relaciones de especies.

Conclusiones:

  • Los plastomas de Bidens exhiben una notable conservación estructural junto con la evolución activa de la secuencia.
  • Estos hallazgos iluminan los mecanismos evolutivos del plastoma en linajes que se diversifican rápidamente y proporcionan una base genómica para comprender la adaptación y la filogenia en los Bidens.