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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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A Y-connected synchronous generator, grounded through a neutral impedance, is designed to produce balanced internal phase voltages with only positive-sequence components. The generator's sequence networks include a source voltage that is exclusively in the positive-sequence network. The sequence components of line-to-ground voltages at the generator terminals illustrate this configuration.
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Inferir la transición de fase isotrópica-nemática con el aprendizaje automático generativo

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Los modelos generativos de aprendizaje automático pueden aprender la física de la materia condensada. Los mapas termodinámicos predijeron con éxito las transiciones de fase de los cristales líquidos, demostrando la IA

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada
  • Aprendizaje automático

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los modelos generativos de aprendizaje automático pueden aprender el comportamiento de fase.
  • El modelo de Ising es un ejemplo de un sistema que exhibe comportamiento de fase.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Describir la transición de fase isotrópica-nemática en los elipsoides de Gay-Berne utilizando un procedimiento de modelado basado en puntuaciones.
  • Demostrar la capacidad del aprendizaje automático generativo para inferir las propiedades físicas de las transiciones de fase de cristales líquidos.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó un procedimiento de modelado basado en puntuaciones conocido como mapas termodinámicos.
  • Entrenó el modelo en muestras de ambos lados de la transición de fase isotrópica-nemática a una sola temperatura.

Principales resultados:

  • El enfoque de aprendizaje automático generativo infería efectivamente el parámetro de orden nemático a temperaturas intermedias.
  • Describió con éxito la transición de fase isotrópica-nemática en una fusión de elipsoides de Gay-Berne.

Conclusiones:

  • Los modelos generativos basados en puntajes pueden aprender la física subyacente de las transiciones de fase complejas.
  • Este enfoque es prometedor para el estudio de transiciones de fase de cristales líquidos no triviales.