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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Stability of Equilibrium Configuration01:23

Stability of Equilibrium Configuration

521
Understanding the stability of equilibrium configurations is a fundamental part of mechanical engineering. In any system, there are three distinct types of equilibrium: stable, neutral, and unstable.
A stable equilibrium occurs when a system tends to return to its original position when given a small displacement, and the potential energy is at its minimum. An example of a stable equilibrium is when a cantilever beam is fixed at one end and a weight is attached to the other end. If the weight...
521
Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
233
Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

171
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
171
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

2.7K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
2.7K
Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

57.2K
Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
57.2K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

3.3K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
09:41

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

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Metastabilidad en órdenes concurrentes coexistentes

Yasamin Masoumi1, Alberto de la Torre1,2, Gregory A Fiete1,2,3

  • 1Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Physical review letters
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

Este estudio explora las transiciones de fase dinámicas en sistemas con parámetros de orden competitivos utilizando pulsos láser ultrarrápidos. Revela parámetros de orden mejorados y estados metestables, explicando fenómenos en superconductores y cosmología.

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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada
  • Dinámica fuera de equilibrio
  • Modelos cosmológicos

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las transiciones de fase dinámicas son cruciales para comprender los sistemas alejados del equilibrio.
  • Los parámetros de orden concurrentes que coexisten presentan comportamientos complejos bajo estímulos externos.
  • Los pulsos láser ultrarrápidos ofrecen una herramienta poderosa para sondear la dinámica de no equilibrio.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la transición de fase dinámica en sistemas con dos parámetros de orden en competencia.
  • Analizar el impacto de la dinámica inducida por láser ultrarrápido en estos sistemas.
  • Interpretar los resultados experimentales en superconductores y explorar aplicaciones más amplias.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizado el marco de tiempo dependiente-Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL).
  • Utilizó estudios analíticos y numéricos para examinar la dinámica del sistema.
  • Investigó el papel de las fluctuaciones de los parámetros de orden en el panorama de la energía libre.

Principales resultados:

  • Se observó una notable mejora del parámetro de orden con un menor valor de campo medio después del pulso láser.
  • Identificó el surgimiento de un estado metastable inducido.
  • Reveló el impacto significativo de las fluctuaciones térmicas y no térmicas en la dinámica del estado metastable.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio proporciona un marco para la comprensión de fenómenos ultrarrápidos en sistemas con órdenes en competencia.
  • Ofrece una interpretación para hallazgos experimentales inexplicables en superconductores con ondas de densidad de carga.
  • El formalismo desarrollado es aplicable a diversos sistemas fuera de equilibrio, incluidos modelos cosmológicos como el de Kibble-Zurek.