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La ingesta dietética de los adolescentes y el cáncer de mama en la edad adulta: una revisión sistemática y un
Gladys Huiyun Lim1, Ying Cong Ryan Shea Tan2, Ethan Lee1
1Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
|August 27, 2025
Resumen
Las dietas de los adolescentes ricas en frutas, verduras, soja, fibra y grasa vegetal pueden reducir el riesgo de cáncer de mama en la edad adulta. Una mayor ingesta de fibra y vitamina D durante la adolescencia está relacionada con un menor riesgo de enfermedad benigna de la mama.
Área de la Ciencia:
- En el campo de la oncología
- Epidemiología nutricional
- La medicina preventiva
Sus antecedentes:
- La adolescencia es una ventana crítica para la prevención del cáncer de mama debido al rápido desarrollo de los tejidos.
- Las estrategias existentes de prevención del cáncer de mama se basan principalmente en datos de la población adulta.
- Comprender los impactos de la dieta adolescente en el futuro riesgo de cáncer de mama es crucial.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar sistemáticamente y metaanalizar las asociaciones entre la dieta de los adolescentes y el riesgo de cáncer de mama en adultos.
- Examinar los vínculos entre la dieta de los adolescentes y la enfermedad benigna de la mama (EBM) y la densidad mamográfica.
- Identificar los factores dietéticos durante la adolescencia que pueden influir en el desarrollo del cáncer de mama.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática y metanálisis de los estudios epidemiológicos.
- Búsqueda en varias bases de datos (Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase) de estudios realizados con niñas adolescentes (10-18 años).
- Evaluación de la calidad del estudio mediante la escala de Newcastle-Ottawa; agrupación de resultados mediante modelos de efectos aleatorios.
Principales resultados:
- Una mayor ingesta adolescente de frutas / verduras, soja, fibra dietética y grasa vegetal asociada con un menor riesgo de cáncer de mama en adultos.
- El aumento de la ingesta de fibra dietética y vitamina D en adolescentes está relacionado con un riesgo reducido de enfermedad benigna de la mama (EBM).
- No se encontraron asociaciones significativas para la carne, las aves de corral, el pescado, los huevos, los lácteos, los granos, el alcohol, la grasa total, la grasa animal o las isoflavonas.
Conclusiones:
- Los patrones de alimentación durante la adolescencia juegan un papel importante en la prevención del cáncer de mama.
- Los hallazgos ponen de relieve la importancia del tiempo y la dieta para mitigar el riesgo de cáncer de mama.
- Necesidad de estudios prospectivos de alta calidad sobre el curso de la vida para reforzar la evidencia sobre la exposición de los adolescentes.
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