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La evolución del homínido bípedo en dos pasos
Gayani Senevirathne1, Serena C Fernandopulle1, Daniel Richard1,2
1Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nature
|August 27, 2025
Resumen
El bipedalismo humano evolucionó a partir de cambios únicos en el desarrollo pélvico. Nuestro estudio revela patrones alterados de crecimiento de cartílago y osificación en el ilio humano, impulsados por vías reguladoras genéticas específicas, que permiten caminar erguido.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva
- Biología del desarrollo
- Paleoantropología
Sus antecedentes:
- El bipedalismo es un rasgo humano clave, habilitado por una forma de pelvis distinta.
- La morfología única del ilio humano, crucial para el bipedalismo, evolucionó de las formas ancestrales de los primates.
- Los procesos de desarrollo subyacentes a estos cambios evolutivos en la pelvis humana siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Identificar los mecanismos de desarrollo detrás de los cambios morfogenéticos en la pelvis humana que facilitaron el bipedismo.
- Investigar la novedad evolutiva del ilio humano en comparación con otros primates.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizó un enfoque multifacético que combina análisis histológicos, genómicos comparativos y genómicos funcionales.
- Se han examinado los cambios en el desarrollo de las placas de crecimiento del cartílago y los patrones de osificación del ilio humano.
- Las vías de regulación genética investigadas que involucran SOX9, ZNF521, PTH1R, RUNX2, FOXP1/2.
Principales resultados:
- Identificó un desplazamiento heterotópico en la placa de crecimiento del cartílago ilial humano, orientado perpendicularmente en comparación con otros primates.
- Se han observado desplazamientos heterotópicos y heterocrónicos de osificación en el ilio humano, incluida la iniciación posterior y la osificación retardada.
- Se descubrieron cambios reguladores en la vía de los condrocitos-pericondrales-osteoblastos que subyacen a estas alteraciones del desarrollo.
Conclusiones:
- El ilio humano único evolucionó a través de innovaciones específicas de desarrollo en el crecimiento del cartílago y la osificación.
- Estas modificaciones pélvicas fueron impulsadas por interacciones complejas de regulación génica, facilitando la evolución del bipedalismo.
- Los hallazgos proporcionan información sobre la base del desarrollo de un rasgo humano definitorio.
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