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¿Cableado de manera diferente? La complejidad temporal del cerebro y la inteligencia en el trastorno del espectro

Moses O Sokunbi1, Oumayma Soula2, Bertha Ochieng1

  • 1Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.

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Los adultos autistas mostraron un aumento de la irregularidad de la señal neuronal relacionada con una menor inteligencia de rendimiento. Esto sugiere que los patrones cerebrales únicos pueden ser la base de la inteligencia en el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA).

Palabras clave:
Exponente de Hursttrastorno del espectro autistalas funciones cognitivasentropía aproximada difusaEntropía difusa de la muestrainteligenciacomplejidad neuronaldesarrollo neurológicoestado de reposo

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia
  • Ciencias cognitivas
  • Psicología del desarrollo

Sus antecedentes:

  • El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) presenta diversos perfiles conductuales y cognitivos.
  • Los mecanismos neuronales que conectan la actividad cerebral con las presentaciones individuales de TEA no se comprenden bien.
  • Investigar la complejidad de la señal de resonancia magnética funcional en estado de reposo (fMRI) en relación con la inteligencia es crucial.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Examinar la relación entre la complejidad de la señal fMRI en estado de reposo y la inteligencia en adultos autistas.
  • Para comparar estas asociaciones de comportamiento cerebral con las de los controles neurotípicos.
  • Para identificar las bases neuronales específicas del autismo de la función cognitiva.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó tres métricas de complejidad: exponente de Hurst (H), entropía aproximada difusa (fApEn) y entropía de muestra difusa (fSampEn) en datos de resonancia magnética funcional en estado de reposo.
  • Medidas de complejidad correlacionadas con puntuaciones de inteligencia estandarizadas (FIQ, VIQ, PIQ) en 14 hombres adultos con TEA y 15 controles neurotípicos emparejados.
  • Empleó los análisis de regresión y transformación r-z de Fisher para probar las diferencias de grupo en las asociaciones de comportamiento cerebral.

Principales resultados:

  • Los participantes autistas mostraron correlaciones negativas significativas entre el coeficiente de inteligencia de rendimiento (PIQ) y fApEn y fSampEn.
  • El aumento de la irregularidad de la señal neural (mayor fApEn/fSampEn) se asoció con un rendimiento cognitivo-perceptual reducido en los TEA.
  • Las pruebas de interacción en grupo confirmaron correlaciones significativamente más fuertes entre las medidas de entropía y el PIQ en el grupo de TEA en comparación con los controles.

Conclusiones:

  • La función cognitiva en el autismo puede involucrar estrategias neuronales alternativas, no solo déficits.
  • Distintos patrones de señales cerebrales temporales están asociados con la inteligencia en TEA.
  • Los hallazgos pueden informar el diagnóstico del autismo, el apoyo personalizado y las políticas de salud / atención social.