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El síndrome de ovario poliquístico y el genoma: ¿sigue siendo un enigma genético que vale la pena resolver?
Mario Palumbo1, Luigi Della Corte2, Dario Colacurci1
1Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
Biomedicines
|August 28, 2025
Resumen
El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) tiene importantes fundamentos genéticos y epigenéticos. La identificación de estas firmas moleculares puede conducir a diagnósticos y tratamientos personalizados para el síndrome de ovario poliquístico.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Endocrinología Reproductiva
- La genética
- La epigenética
Sus antecedentes:
- El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es un trastorno complejo que afecta la salud reproductiva, endocrina y metabólica en las mujeres.
- Los factores genéticos y epigenéticos contribuyen significativamente a la patogénesis del SOP junto con las influencias ambientales.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar la evidencia actual sobre las variantes genéticas, la expresión génica y las modificaciones epigenéticas en la etiología del síndrome de ovario poliquístico.
- Examinar el impacto de estos factores moleculares en la función ovárica, la fertilidad y la salud sistémica.
Principales métodos:
- Una revisión narrativa de 17 estudios publicados entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2025.
- Las búsquedas llevadas a cabo en las principales bases de datos (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Biblioteca Cochrane).
- Los estudios incluidos se centraron en la expresión génica, polimorfismos y cambios epigenéticos en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico.
Principales resultados:
- Se identificó una desregulación en los genes SIRT y de los receptores de estrógenos, transcriptomas alterados de células cúmulas e implicación de ARN no codificantes.
- La metilación del ADN de TGF-β1 y las vías de inflamación (TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3) están implicadas.
- Las variantes genéticas en DENND1A, THADA y MTNR1B muestran signos de selección evolutiva positiva.
Conclusiones:
- El síndrome de ovario poliquístico tiene una fuerte base genética y epigenética.
- Las firmas moleculares ofrecen potencial para diagnósticos y terapias personalizadas del síndrome de ovario poliquístico.
- La investigación futura debe priorizar los estudios genómicos a gran escala y la validación funcional para comprender las interacciones entre los genes y el medio ambiente.
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