Obesidad y COVID-19: conocimientos fisiopatológicos y complicaciones pulmonares en un estudio de cohorte
Cristina Stefania Dumitru1, Raul Patrascu2, Alexia Manole3
1Department II of Microscopic Morphology, Discipline of Histology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
Biomedicines
|August 28, 2025
Resumen
La obesidad aumenta significativamente el riesgo de COVID-19 grave, lo que lleva a un mayor daño pulmonar y resultados más pobres. Esto pone de relieve la necesidad de evaluaciones de riesgo específicas de la obesidad en el manejo de la enfermedad.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Enfermedades infecciosas
- Epidemiología
- Salud pública
Sus antecedentes:
- La obesidad es un factor de riesgo conocido que exacerba la gravedad y las complicaciones del COVID-19.
- Comprender el impacto específico de la obesidad en los resultados de COVID-19 es crucial para un manejo eficaz.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar el efecto de la obesidad en la gravedad clínica, la afectación pulmonar y la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con COVID-19.
- Identificar los predictores independientes de la enfermedad severa por COVID-19.
Principales métodos:
- Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de 3005 pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 (enero de 2020 - marzo de 2023).
- Pacientes estratificados por obesidad (índice de masa corporal ≥ 30 kg/ m2).
- El análisis incluyó datos clínicos, de comorbilidad, de imágenes, de laboratorio y de vacunación; se utilizaron modelos de regresión multivariada y de aumento de gradiente.
Principales resultados:
- Los pacientes obesos tenían tasas más altas de COVID-19 grave (31,7% frente a 22,4%) y daño pulmonar extenso (27,9% frente a 22,0%).
- La obesidad se asoció con un riesgo relativo de 1,41 para la enfermedad grave y de 1,27 para la afectación pulmonar > 50%.
- La edad > 65 años fue el predictor de mortalidad más fuerte, especialmente en individuos no obesos.
Conclusiones:
- La obesidad es un predictor independiente del COVID-19 grave y el deterioro pulmonar.
- Los hallazgos apoyan la estratificación del riesgo basada en la obesidad para el manejo clínico y las intervenciones de salud pública.
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