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La voz de las familias: percepciones de las prácticas centradas en la familia y los entornos naturales en la intervención temprana en España
Mónica Montaño-Merchán1, Roberto Sanz-Ponce1, Laura Padilla-Bautista1
1Faculty of Teaching and Educational Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, 46110 Valencia, Spain.
Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
Ver abstracta en PubMed
Resumen
Las familias españolas informan de una brecha entre la teoría y la práctica de la intervención temprana centrada en la familia. Si bien algunos experimentaron apoyo personalizado, otros se enfrentaron a desafíos con la toma de decisiones y la comunicación, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de mejorar los servicios de intervención temprana.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Intervención temprana
- Prácticas centradas en la familia
- Discapacidad y dificultades de desarrollo
Sus antecedentes:
- Los modelos de Intervención Temprana (IE) centrados en la familia, que hacen hincapié en las rutinas y los entornos naturales, tienen apoyo internacional.
- Las prácticas centradas en la familia (FCP) promueven el empoderamiento de los padres, la toma de decisiones compartida y la intervención funcional a través de las rutinas diarias.
- Existen desafíos de implementación, particularmente desde la perspectiva de las familias que reciben servicios.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Explorar las experiencias, los significados y las evaluaciones de las prácticas profesionales de las familias españolas dentro del modelo de IE centrado en la familia.
- Comprender la aplicación del FCP en el contexto español, donde Campus Capacitas implementa un modelo de IE centrado en la familia.
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Principales métodos:
- Metodología cualitativa, descriptiva e interpretativa.
- Datos recogidos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de discusión con 30 familias de 17 comunidades autónomas españolas.
- Análisis de codificación temática con criterios de rigor cualitativo, incluida la triangulación y la saturación teórica.
Principales resultados:
- Se identificó una brecha significativa entre el modelo teórico de FCP y su aplicación práctica.
- Las familias bajo un modelo clínico informaron problemas con la intervención personalizada, la comunicación y la toma de decisiones, deseando más apoyo.
- Otras familias informaron experiencias positivas con modelos colaborativos, transdisciplinarios y basados en el hogar alineados con FCP.
Conclusiones:
- Necesidad urgente de una transición hacia una IE que empodere a las familias, fomente la corresponsabilidad profesional y se adapte a los entornos del mundo real.
- La investigación futura debe incluir estudios longitudinales sobre los efectos de las intervenciones, estudios comparativos entre regiones y triangulación con perspectivas profesionales.