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¿Qué lleva a los profesores universitarios al agotamiento? Una revisión sistemática de los determinantes

Henry Cadena-Povea¹, Marco Hernández-Martínez¹, Gabriela Bastidas-Amador¹

¹Facultad de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador.

International journal of environmental research and public health

|August 28, 2025

Resumen

El agotamiento académico en los profesores universitarios está relacionado con la carga de trabajo y el apoyo. Abordar estos factores a través de estrategias institucionales puede mejorar el bienestar y prevenir el agotamiento.

Área de la Ciencia:

Investigación en educación superior
Psicología de la salud en el trabajo
Estudios sobre el bienestar académico

Sus antecedentes:

El síndrome de agotamiento es un problema importante que afecta la salud mental y el rendimiento laboral de los profesores universitarios.
Esta revisión sistemática sintetiza la investigación sobre los factores que contribuyen al agotamiento académico.

Objetivo del estudio:

Identificar los determinantes sociodemográficos y psicosociales del agotamiento académico en la facultad universitaria.
Para sintetizar la evidencia sobre los factores de riesgo y de protección para el agotamiento académico.

Principales métodos:

Revisión sistemática y síntesis narrativa de 60 estudios cuantitativos (enero 2019-mayo 2024).
Buscado en las bases de datos de Scopus y Web of Science, adhiriéndose a las directrices de PRISMA 2020.
Se incluyen estudios que utilizan instrumentos validados centrados en la facultad universitaria, evaluando la calidad con las listas de verificación NOS y CASP.

Principales resultados:

La carga de trabajo excesiva, la falta de apoyo institucional y los conflictos en el lugar de trabajo son factores de riesgo clave para el agotamiento.
El apoyo colegial, el liderazgo participativo y la satisfacción laboral actúan como factores protectores.
La edad, el género, el rango académico y la estabilidad laboral influyen en la vulnerabilidad al agotamiento.

Conclusiones:

Se recomiendan estrategias integradas que incluyan programas de salud mental, regulación de la carga de trabajo y gobernanza participativa.
Los resultados informan las políticas institucionales para prevenir el agotamiento y mejorar el bienestar académico.
La investigación futura debería utilizar diseños longitudinales y interculturales para comprender las trayectorias del agotamiento.

Palabras clave:

Entorno académico Síndrome de agotamiento salud mental profesores universitarios rendimiento del trabajo

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