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Resultados del desarrollo neurológico asociados con la exposición temprana a metales pesados: una revisión
André Soares da Silva1, Renata Maria Silva Santos1, Patricia Gazire De Marco1
1Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil.
Resumen
La exposición a metales pesados tóxicos durante el embarazo está relacionada con resultados adversos del desarrollo neurológico en los niños. Esta revisión sistemática pone de relieve la vulnerabilidad del cerebro en desarrollo a incluso bajas concentraciones de estos tóxicos ambientales.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud del medio ambiente
- La neurociencia
- Pediatría
Sus antecedentes:
- 53 millones de niños menores de cinco años tienen discapacidades del desarrollo en todo el mundo.
- La exposición a metales pesados es un factor poco estudiado en los trastornos del desarrollo neurológico.
- La exposición prenatal a sustancias tóxicas plantea riesgos significativos para el desarrollo neurológico.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revise sistemáticamente la literatura sobre la exposición a metales pesados y los resultados del desarrollo neurológico infantil.
- Identificar metales pesados específicos y sus efectos asociados en el desarrollo neurológico.
- Evaluar el impacto de la exposición prenatal a sustancias tóxicas en el desarrollo temprano del niño.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática de la literatura registrada con PROSPERO (CRD420250653229).
- Las búsquedas realizadas a través de las principales bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Lilacs, PsycInfo.
- Incluye 68 artículos (48 longitudinales, 20 transversales) publicados entre 2006 y 2025.
Principales resultados:
- El plomo (Pb) fue el metal más estudiado (75% de los estudios), seguido por el mercurio (Hg), el cadmio y el arsénico (As).
- La exposición prenatal fue el foco más común.
- Los resultados cognitivos y motores estaban vinculados a Pb y Hg; los resultados conductuales a Pb y As.
Conclusiones:
- La mayoría de los estudios indican efectos adversos en el desarrollo neurológico de la exposición a metales pesados durante el embarazo.
- El cerebro en desarrollo, especialmente en los primeros meses del embarazo, es muy vulnerable a la exposición a sustancias tóxicas.
- Los hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de intervenciones para reducir la exposición a los metales pesados en las poblaciones embarazadas.
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