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Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del asma en niños: una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis
Li Yin1, Feifei Zhang2, Xue Wang1
1Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
Resumen
El asma infantil afecta al 11,9% de los niños. Los principales factores de riesgo incluyen la exposición prenatal a ciertos productos químicos y medicamentos, y la infección por Helicobacter pylori en la infancia, mientras que el ácido fólico puede ser protector.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Medicina respiratoria en niños
- Salud del medio ambiente
- Epidemiología
Sus antecedentes:
- El asma infantil (AC) es un problema importante de salud pública con una etiología compleja.
- La comprensión de la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo es crucial para las estrategias eficaces de prevención y gestión.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para llevar a cabo un metanálisis que evalúe la prevalencia del asma infantil.
- Identificar los principales factores de riesgo asociados con el desarrollo del asma infantil.
Principales métodos:
- Un metanálisis exhaustivo de los estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2024.
- Busqué en las bases de datos de PubMed, Embase, Cochrane y Web of Science.
- Se incluyeron 45 estudios con 647.414 participantes, se evaluó la calidad del estudio utilizando NOS y se analizaron los datos con Stata y R.
Principales resultados:
- La prevalencia combinada de asma infantil fue del 11,9%.
- Los factores de riesgo identificados incluyen la exposición prenatal a sustancias per- y polifluoroalquilo (PFAS) (OR=0,89), medicamentos supresores de ácido (OR=1,11) y la infección infantil por Helicobacter pylori (OR=2,07).
- La suplementación materna de ácido fólico durante el embarazo mostró una asociación protectora (OR=1,18).
Conclusiones:
- La prevalencia de asma infantil es sustancial, lo que requiere una mayor investigación sobre los factores de riesgo identificados.
- Las exposiciones prenatales y las infecciones juegan un papel, mientras que el ácido fólico puede ofrecer protección.
- Se recomiendan más estudios prospectivos a gran escala para aclarar estas asociaciones.
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