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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

3.8K
The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
3.8K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.2K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.6K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.0K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction00:57

Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction

4.8K
Organomagnesium halides, commonly known as Grignard reagents, convert nitriles to ketones and proceed through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Nitriles react with a Grignard reagent, followed by an aqueous acid, to yield ketones. The reaction introduces a new carbon–carbon bond. The alkyl–magnesium bond in the Grignard reagent is highly polar, so the alkyl carbon develops a carbanionic character and acts as a nucleophile.
The mechanism begins with a nucleophilic attack by the Grignard...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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Generación de nitreno inducida por punta

Leonard-Alexander Lieske1, Aaron H Oechsle1, Igor Rončević2

  • 1IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Rüschlikon 8803, Switzerland.

ACS nano
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores crearon una nueva molécula, la trinitreno-s-heptazina, con tres centros reactivos de nitrógeno. Esta molécula de alto espín exhibe propiedades magnéticas únicas, haciendo la transición de un septeto a un estado básico de sexteto bajo condiciones específicas.

Palabras clave:
microscopía de fuerza atómicaQuímica computacionalQuímica de los nitrenosSíntesis en la superficieQuímica inducida por las puntas

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • * Ciencias de la superficie
  • * Química molecular
  • * El magnetismo cuántico

Sus antecedentes:

  • * Las moléculas con múltiples centros de nitreno son de interés por sus propiedades electrónicas y magnéticas únicas.
  • * La química inducida por la punta ofrece una vía para la síntesis en la superficie de nuevas estructuras moleculares.
  • * La comprensión de los estados de espín y el acoplamiento magnético en tales sistemas es crucial para las aplicaciones potenciales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • * Para sintetizar y caracterizar la trinitreno-s-heptazina, una molécula con tres centros de nitreno.
  • * Para investigar el acoplamiento magnético y el giro del estado fundamental de la molécula.
  • * Explorar la influencia del entorno superficial en las propiedades de la molécula.

Principales métodos:

  • * Síntesis en la superficie utilizando la química inducida por las puntas en una superficie de NaCl/Au111.
  • * Caracterización mediante microscopía de fuerza atómica (AFM) y microscopía de túnel de barrido (STM).
  • * Cálculos teóricos que incluyen la teoría funcional de la densidad de simetría rota (DFT) y la interacción de configuración (CI).

Principales resultados:

  • * Generación exitosa de mono-, di- y trinitreno-s-heptazina a partir de un precursor de triazido.
  • * Pruebas experimentales de la formación de moléculas con uno o tres centros de nitreno.
  • * Predicción teórica del acoplamiento ferromagnético entre los centros de nitreno, que conduce a un estado de septo de alto espín en la fase gaseosa.
  • * Indicación experimental y teórica del estado fundamental de un sexteto aniónico para la trinitreno-s-heptazina en la superficie de NaCl/Au{111).

Conclusiones:

  • * La trinitreno-s-heptazina puede sintetizarse en la superficie a través de la química inducida por la punta.
  • * La molécula exhibe propiedades magnéticas sintonizables dependientes de su entorno (fase gaseosa frente a la superficie).
  • Este trabajo proporciona información sobre la síntesis y el comportamiento magnético de las moléculas de alto espín en las superficies.