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La violencia recursiva de la reforma: un siglo de intervenciones fallidas en la vivienda de los trabajadores
Elise Ferrer1, Thurka Sangaramoorthy1, Devon Payne-Sturges2
1Department of Anthropology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
Social science & medicine (1982)
|August 28, 2025
Resumen
La vivienda de los trabajadores agrícolas migrantes en los Estados Unidos causa desigualdades de salud debido a problemas sistémicos, no a la falta de reforma. Estas condiciones de vivienda producen y mantienen activamente las disparidades de salud en el trabajo agrícola.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud pública
- Sociología
- Salud del medio ambiente
Sus antecedentes:
- Los trabajadores agrícolas migrantes enfrentan desigualdades de salud persistentes relacionadas con la vivienda a pesar de más de un siglo de esfuerzos de reforma.
- Las intervenciones existentes no han logrado crear mejoras sustanciales en las condiciones de alojamiento de los trabajadores agrícolas.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Examinar por qué han fracasado las intervenciones para mejorar la vivienda de los trabajadores agrícolas.
- Comprender cómo las instituciones han percibido históricamente y abordado estas condiciones de vivienda.
- Analizar los factores estructurales que perpetúan las desigualdades de salud relacionadas con la vivienda de los trabajadores agrícolas.
Principales métodos:
- Extensa investigación de archivo desde 1910 hasta 2024.
- Trabajo de campo etnográfico contemporáneo en campos de trabajo.
- Análisis sistemático de documentos gubernamentales, análisis de políticas, informes de defensa, cobertura de los medios y observaciones etnográficas.
Principales resultados:
- Se identificaron cuatro enfoques de reforma recurrentes e ineficaces: normas mejoradas, cumplimiento, educación e investigación.
- Tres factores estructurales perpetúan las desigualdades: el papel de la vivienda en el capitalismo racial, el "paraestado de alimentos" (coordinación entre el estado y las empresas) y la normalización del control de los trabajadores por parte de la salud pública.
- COVID-19 destacó cómo las condiciones de vivienda se convierten en mecanismos para la inequidad de salud.
Conclusiones:
- Las condiciones de alojamiento de los trabajadores agrícolas no son solo determinantes sociales, sino mecanismos activos que producen y mantienen las desigualdades de salud.
- El "paraestado de los alimentos" y las prácticas de salud pública refuerzan los sistemas de explotación.
- Abordar estas desigualdades requiere abordar los factores estructurales dentro de los sistemas laborales agrícolas.
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