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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Agua bajo confinamiento hidrofóbico: entropía y difusión

Lorenzo Agosta1,2, Yong Wang1, Kersti Hermansson2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

The Journal of chemical physics
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

La difusión del agua aumenta significativamente cerca de las superficies hidrofóbicas, un fenómeno explicado por una ley de escala universal que relaciona la difusión con el exceso de entropía. Este hallazgo extiende la aplicabilidad de la ley al confinamiento hidrofóbico a nanoescala.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química Física
  • Ciencia en nanoescala
  • Dinámica de fluidos

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las propiedades del agua líquida cambian en geometrías confinadas.
  • La difusión de agua se mejora cerca de las superficies hidrofóbicas en comparación con la difusión a granel.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la difusión de agua cerca de las paredes confinantes hidrofóbicas.
  • Determinar si una ley de escala universal explica esta difusión mejorada.

Principales métodos:

  • Simulaciones de dinámica molecular utilizando un modelo clásico de agua.
  • Difusión de agua simulada cerca de una pared de confinamiento lisa que no interactúa (imitando una superficie hidrofóbica).

Principales resultados:

  • Se observó un aumento pronunciado de la difusión en las capas de agua adyacentes a la pared.
  • Validación cuantitativa de la ley de escala universal para la difusión líquida, relacionando la velocidad de difusión con el exceso de entropía.
  • Demostró la aplicabilidad de la ley de escala a la difusión del agua bajo confinamiento hidrofóbico a nanoescala.

Conclusiones:

  • La ley de escala universal describe con precisión la difusión del agua cerca de las superficies hidrofóbicas.
  • Esta investigación amplía la aplicación de la ley de escala desde simples líquidos hasta el agua bajo confinamiento.
  • Proporciona un marco para analizar la dinámica del agua en entornos hidrofóbicos a nanoescala.