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Síntomas y factores de riesgo para el COVID prolongado: un estudio transversal en atención primaria

Assel Muratovna Shigayeva Ferreira¹, Flávia Emília Leite de Lima Ferreira², Caio César Ferreira Alverga²

¹Center of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.

Journal of medical virology

|August 29, 2025

Resumen

Los síntomas persistentes, conocidos como COVID largo, son comunes después de una infección por SARS-CoV-2 de leve a moderada. El sexo femenino, la edad avanzada y experimentar múltiples síntomas aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar Long COVID.

Área de la Ciencia:

Enfermedades infecciosas
Salud pública
Epidemiología

Sus antecedentes:

Las infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 de leve a moderada pueden provocar síntomas persistentes, que afectan a las personas más allá de la fase aguda.
Comprender la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo para el COVID largo en los entornos de atención primaria es crucial para un manejo efectivo.

Objetivo del estudio:

Determinar la ocurrencia e identificar los factores de riesgo para los síntomas persistentes (COVID largo) después de una infección leve a moderada por SARS-CoV-2.
Evaluar la prolongación de los síntomas más allá de los 3 meses en adultos tratados en atención primaria.

Principales métodos:

Se realizó una encuesta retrospectiva transversal en seis unidades de atención primaria en Brasil.
226 adultos con infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 completaron un cuestionario que evaluó 18 resultados clínicos validados.
Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística binaria para identificar los factores de riesgo para el COVID largo.

Principales resultados:

16 resultados se asociaron significativamente con el COVID largo, siendo más prominentes la pérdida de memoria a corto plazo, la ansiedad y la pérdida de atención.
Los principales factores de riesgo identificados incluyen experimentar ≥5 síntomas, sexo femenino y grupos de edad específicos (40-49 y 70+ años).
Se observó una alta frecuencia de síntomas persistentes en adultos en edad de trabajar sin comorbilidades múltiples.

Conclusiones:

La infección por SARS-CoV-2 de leve a moderada con frecuencia resulta en COVID largo, que afecta especialmente a los adultos en edad de trabajar.
Los entornos de atención primaria deben evaluar rutinariamente los resultados clínicos y los factores de riesgo asociados con el COVID largo.
Los hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de una evaluación y gestión integradas del COVID largo dentro de los sistemas de atención médica primaria.

Palabras clave:

El COVID-19 COVID largo Cuidados primarios Factores de riesgo

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