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"Puedo combinar esas cosas para ser un superhéroe" un estudio cualitativo de las motivaciones para el uso de
Amanda M Bunting1, Adetayo Fawole1, Brittany Griffin1
1Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Journal of drug issues
|August 29, 2025
Resumen
La comprensión de las motivaciones para el uso de sustancias polivalentes de alto riesgo es clave para las intervenciones eficaces. Las personas usan múltiples drogas para mejorar los efectos, automedicarse, lidiar con la angustia, controlar los antojos y responder a los factores sociales.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Investigación de las adicciones
- Psicología
- Salud pública
Sus antecedentes:
- El uso de múltiples sustancias, definido como el uso simultáneo o secuencial de múltiples sustancias psicoactivas, presenta importantes desafíos para la salud pública.
- Comprender las motivaciones subyacentes de este comportamiento es crucial para desarrollar intervenciones específicas y estrategias de reducción de daños.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Explorar e identificar las motivaciones principales que impulsan el uso de sustancias polivalentes de alto riesgo entre las personas de la ciudad de Nueva York.
- Obtener conocimientos cualitativos sobre la compleja interacción de los factores que influyen en los patrones de consumo de sustancias múltiples.
Principales métodos:
- Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 personas que informaron de un uso frecuente reciente de sustancias polivalentes.
- Se empleó un análisis cualitativo del contenido con dos codificadores independientes, logrando una alta fiabilidad entre los evaluadores (κ = 93,97).
Principales resultados:
- Se identificaron cinco temas clave que motivan el consumo de sustancias múltiples: (1) efectos de equilibrio/prolongación/mejoramiento, (2) automedicación de dolencias físicas (incluida la abstinencia y el dolor), (3) afrontamiento de la angustia emocional, (4) control de los antojos inducidos por las drogas y (5) respuesta a los contextos sociales (factores situacionales y económicos).
- Los participantes informaron que usaban sustancias simultáneamente o secuencialmente para lograr los efectos deseados, aliviar el malestar físico y emocional, y en respuesta a las señales ambientales y la disponibilidad.
Conclusiones:
- Las motivaciones para el consumo de sustancias polivalentes son multifacéticas y abarcan las dimensiones farmacológica, psicológica y social.
- Estos hallazgos ofrecen información fundamental para adaptar los enfoques de reducción de daños e informar el desarrollo de estrategias de tratamiento basadas en la evidencia para las personas que consumen múltiples sustancias.
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