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Trayectorias de desarrollo neurológico del procesamiento facial en bebés: una revisión y direcciones futuras
Katherine Meltzoff1, Cameron A Ryczek1
1School of Education, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Infant behavior & development
|August 29, 2025
Resumen
Esta revisión examina los biomarcadores potenciales relacionados con el evento de la electroencefalografía (EEG) para la percepción facial infantil. Los hallazgos muestran diferencias medibles en la actividad cerebral de los bebés con alto riesgo de trastorno del espectro autista (TEA).
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia
- Psicología del desarrollo
- Los biomarcadores
Sus antecedentes:
- La percepción facial es crucial para el desarrollo social infantil, influyendo en la atención conjunta, el reconocimiento y el procesamiento de las emociones.
- Los biomarcadores de potencial relacionados con eventos (ERP, por sus siglas en inglés) ofrecen información sobre los mecanismos neuronales del procesamiento facial.
- El diagnóstico y la intervención del trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se pueden mejorar mediante la comprensión de los marcadores neuronales tempranos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para sintetizar 25 años de investigación en biomarcadores ERP para la percepción facial de los bebés.
- Para comparar el procesamiento facial en bebés neurotípicos (NT) con bebés con alto riesgo de o diagnosticados con TEA.
- Explorar el potencial de los ERP como biomarcadores predictivos para la identificación temprana de las TEA.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de la literatura existente sobre las ERP (N290, P400, Nc) en la percepción facial de los bebés.
- Análisis de estudios en los que se compararon bebés con TN con bebés con alto riesgo de TEA.
- Examen de los estudios longitudinales y de los que utilizan estímulos variados o localización de la fuente.
Principales resultados:
- Los componentes específicos de ERP (N290, P400, Nc) muestran respuestas distintas a las caras y las emociones en los bebés NT.
- Los bebés con alto riesgo de TEA muestran diferencias medibles en la actividad cerebral al ver caras en comparación con los bebés de bajo riesgo.
- Los análisis longitudinales y avanzados revelan diferencias sutiles pero significativas en el procesamiento facial entre los bebés de alto riesgo y los de bajo riesgo.
Conclusiones:
- Los biomarcadores ERP son prometedores para predecir el riesgo de TEA en la infancia.
- La detección temprana de diferencias en el procesamiento facial neuronal puede informar estrategias de intervención oportunas.
- Se necesita más investigación para refinar la comprensión de las trayectorias de desarrollo en el procesamiento facial de los lactantes con NT y ASD.
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