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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
A sequence of 11 enzymatic reactions results in the synthesis of the complete GPI anchor consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion. The hydrophobic portion comprises phosphatidylinositol, while the hydrophilic part comprises polar groups like phosphoethanolamine,...
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G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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GPCR Desensitization01:12

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G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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Arsenic trioxide depletes cancer stem-like cells and inhibits repopulation of neurosphere derived from glioblastoma by downregulation of Notch pathway.

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Synthesis of the C-1-C-17 fragment of amphidinolides C, C2, C3, and F.

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 5, 2026

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La mutación específica de GPR12 en cetáceos está asociada funcionalmente con el engrosamiento de la grasa

Yuehua Wang1, Qian Zhang1, Guiping Xu1

  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.

Gene
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

Los cetáceos desarrollaron grasa más gruesa para la vida acuática. Un cambio genético específico en los cetáceos puede reducir la descomposición de la grasa, ayudando al desarrollo de la grasa y la adaptación térmica en entornos marinos.

Palabras clave:
Evolución adaptativaMutación específica de los cetáceosGPR12 (en inglés)La lipólisisGrasa engrosada

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología de los mamíferos marinos
  • La genética evolutiva
  • Biología molecular

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los mamíferos marinos desarrollaron de forma independiente grasa gruesa para los desafíos térmicos en entornos acuáticos.
  • La grasa, un tejido adiposo especializado, es crucial para el aislamiento, el almacenamiento de energía, la flotabilidad y la locomoción.
  • Los mecanismos moleculares que impulsan el engrosamiento de la grasa siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar los mecanismos evolutivos moleculares detrás del engrosamiento de la grasa en los cetáceos.
  • Identificar los factores genéticos que contribuyen a las adaptaciones únicas del tejido adiposo en los mamíferos marinos.

Principales métodos:

  • Realizó un análisis evolutivo del gen GPR12 de los mamíferos.
  • Se realizaron experimentos celulares in vitro para evaluar el impacto funcional de una sustitución de aminoácidos específica para los cetáceos.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificó una sustitución de aminoácidos específica de los cetáceos en el gen GPR12, ausente en otros mamíferos.
  • Se demostró que esta sustitución reduce potencialmente la expresión de lipasa triglicérida adiposa (ATGL), disminuyendo así la actividad lipolítica in vitro.

Conclusiones:

  • Se descubrieron señales genéticas que influyen en la capacidad de lipólisis en los cetáceos.
  • Estos cambios genéticos pueden representar un mecanismo evolutivo para el engrosamiento de la grasa durante la adaptación acuática secundaria de los cetáceos.