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Cuidado de enfermería de pacientes con discapacidades del desarrollo intelectual en unidades de cuidados intensivos:
Adrianna Lorraine Watson1, Gabby Sutton-Clark2, Matthew Anderson3
1Adrianna Lorraine Watson is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
Resumen
Las enfermeras necesitan capacitación especializada y apoyo para atender eficazmente a los pacientes con discapacidades del desarrollo intelectual en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. La mejora de la atención requiere adaptabilidad sistémica y recursos dedicados a esta población vulnerable.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Enfermería de cuidados intensivos
- Discapacidades de desarrollo intelectual
- Disparidades en el cuidado de la salud
Sus antecedentes:
- Los pacientes con discapacidades del desarrollo intelectual (IDD) experimentan disparidades significativas en la atención médica, especialmente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI).
- Las enfermeras a menudo carecen de conocimientos especializados, lo que lleva a desafíos para brindar atención adecuada a las personas con IDD en entornos de cuidados intensivos.
- Esta brecha de conocimiento contribuye a los peores resultados de salud para este grupo de pacientes vulnerables.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para explorar las experiencias vividas de las enfermeras que cuidan a los pacientes con IDD en la UCI.
- Identificar los desafíos clave y las estrategias exitosas para proporcionar atención crítica a las personas con IDD.
- Informar sobre el desarrollo de mejores protocolos de enfermería y sistemas de apoyo para esta población.
Principales métodos:
- Diseño fenomenológico descriptivo que utiliza un paradigma interpretativo.
- Entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en línea con enfermeras con licencia en los Estados Unidos que atendieron a pacientes con IDD en UCI.
- Análisis temático de los datos de las entrevistas, contextualizados utilizando el modelo de sistemas de Betty Neuman.
Principales resultados:
- Cinco temas emergentes: equidad y salvaguardia, participación de la familia y los cuidadores, construcción de relaciones terapéuticas, necesidad de procesos especializados y mayor apoyo de enfermería.
- Las enfermeras destacaron la importancia de los enfoques personalizados y de una comunicación sólida.
- Se identificó una importante necesidad de un mayor apoyo institucional y formación especializada.
Conclusiones:
- La inversión en formación especializada y sistemas de apoyo sólidos para las enfermeras es crucial.
- Los entornos sanitarios deben adaptarse sistemáticamente para satisfacer las necesidades únicas de los pacientes con IDD.
- Los recursos dedicados son esenciales para la prestación exitosa y equitativa de cuidados intensivos a las personas con IDD.
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