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Manejo del nervio laríngeo recurrente involucrado en el cáncer de tiroides
Oncology
|September 2, 2025
Resumen
La parálisis del nervio laríngeo recurrente después de la cirugía de tiroides puede afectar la voz. Preservar o reconstruir el nervio, especialmente cuando no está infiltrado por el cáncer, mejora los resultados de la voz.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Otorrinolaringología
- Oncología quirúrgica
- Neurocirugía
Sus antecedentes:
- La parálisis recurrente del nervio laríngeo (RLNP) es una complicación conocida de la cirugía de tiroides.
- Esta condición puede afectar significativamente la calidad de vida de un paciente.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para analizar los resultados en pacientes que experimentan RLNP después de la tiroidectomía para la malignidad tiroidea diferenciada.
- Para comparar los resultados basados en si el nervio laríngeo recurrente (NRL) fue amputado o conservado.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis retrospectivo de cohorte de 862 pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía por cáncer de tiroides diferenciado entre 2001 y 2023.
- Los pacientes con RLNP fueron estratificados en grupos basados en el estado de RLN (amputado vs. conservado).
- Se recopilaron y analizaron datos clínicos patológicos y resultados de los pacientes.
Principales resultados:
- El RLNP se produjo en el 8,2% de los pacientes (71/862), siendo la mayoría de los casos temporales o unilaterales.
- El nervio laríngeo recurrente (RLN) fue amputado en el 50% de los casos en que se produjo la transección, a menudo debido a la infiltración tumoral.
- El tamaño del tumor fue el único factor asociado con la amputación de RLN (p=0,007).
- La preservación de la voz fue significativamente mayor cuando el nervio fue preservado o rasurado en comparación con la amputación (93,5% vs. 71,0%, p=0,0426).
Conclusiones:
- Se recomienda la preservación o reconstrucción de los nervios para mejorar los resultados de la voz después de la tiroidectomía.
- Las excepciones incluyen casos con participación directa del tumor en el complejo laringotraqueal.
- La estrategia quirúrgica debe tener como objetivo equilibrar el control oncológico con la preservación funcional de la RLN.
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