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Emisiones elevadas de elementos tóxicos de los cigarrillos electrónicos desechables populares: fuentes, ciclo de vida
Mark R Salazar1, Lalima Saini1, Tran B Nguyen1
1Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States.
ACS central science
|September 2, 2025
Resumen
Los cigarrillos electrónicos desechables emiten metales tóxicos como el plomo y el níquel en niveles peligrosos, lo que representa un riesgo significativo para la salud de los jóvenes. Estas emisiones nocivas superan con creces las de los cigarrillos tradicionales, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad urgente de una regulación.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud del medio ambiente
- Toxicología
- Ciencias de los materiales
Sus antecedentes:
- Los cigarrillos electrónicos desechables son cada vez más populares entre los adolescentes y los adultos jóvenes.
- Los riesgos para la salud asociados con los aerosoles desechables de cigarrillos electrónicos no se conocen bien.
- Existen preocupaciones con respecto a la posibilidad de liberación de sustancias tóxicas de los componentes del dispositivo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para cuantificar las emisiones de elementos metálicos tóxicos de las marcas populares de cigarrillos electrónicos desechables.
- Identificar las fuentes de contaminación metálica en los líquidos electrónicos y en los aerosoles.
- Evaluar los riesgos para la salud asociados.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de e-líquidos y aerosoles de los dispositivos Esco Bar, Flum Pebble y ELF Bar.
- Espectrometría de masa de plasma acoplada por inducción (ICP-MS) para la cuantificación elemental.
- Cálculos de evaluación de riesgos para el cáncer y los efectos no cancerígenos en la salud.
Principales resultados:
- Los aerosoles contenían elementos metálicos (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Sb) en concentraciones de órdenes de magnitud superiores a las de los cigarrillos tradicionales.
- La contaminación por plomo (Pb) se originó por el uso ilícito de bronce con plomo en los componentes del dispositivo.
- Las concentraciones de níquel (Ni) y antimonio (Sb) aumentaron significativamente durante la vida útil del dispositivo.
- Las evaluaciones de riesgo indicaron un exceso de los umbrales de seguridad para la toxicidad cancerosa (Ni, Sb-III) y no cancerosa (Pb, Ni).
Conclusiones:
- Los cigarrillos electrónicos desechables, especialmente las variedades aromatizadas, emiten cantidades excesivas de metales tóxicos.
- Los materiales de los componentes del dispositivo y su degradación contribuyen significativamente a la toxicidad de los aerosoles.
- Las regulaciones actuales sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos son inadecuadas y requieren intervenciones urgentes de salud pública.
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