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Alteraciones citoarquitectónicas de la retina en todo el espectro de la psicosis y sus correlaciones con la

Erik Velez-Perez, Cemal Demirlek, Victor Zeng

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

|September 2, 2025

Resumen

Las personas con trastornos del espectro psicótico (PSD) muestran capas retinianas más delgadas, particularmente fotorreceptores, vinculados a déficits de memoria. Estos cambios estructurales pueden reflejar alteraciones neurobiológicas que afectan la cognición.

Área de la Ciencia:

Oftalmología
La neurociencia
La psiquiatría

Sus antecedentes:

Las alteraciones de la estructura de la retina pueden servir como biomarcadores para los trastornos del espectro psicótico (TPS) y la función cognitiva.
Se necesitan estudios más amplios y bien controlados para investigar estas posibles asociaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar las diferencias en el grosor de la retina en individuos con DSP en comparación con los controles sanos (HC).
Para explorar la asociación entre el grosor de la retina y el rendimiento cognitivo en PSD.
Identificar las capas específicas de la retina afectadas por la DSP y su relación con la cognición.

Principales métodos:

Un estudio de casos y controles anidados utilizando datos del Biobanco del Reino Unido.
476 participantes (PSD y HC) se sometieron a tomografía de coherencia óptica macular (OCT).
Medidas repetidas ANCOVA evaluó el grosor de la retina, controlando las covariables sociodemográficas, oculares y de salud, excluyendo las condiciones cardiometabólicas.

Principales resultados:

Los individuos con PSD exhibieron manchas más delgadas, plexiformes internas de células ganglionares y capas fotorreceptoras en comparación con HC.
El menor grosor de la capa fotorreceptor se asoció significativamente con un peor rendimiento de la memoria prospectiva.
Los grupos de esquizofrenia y trastorno bipolar mostraron las alteraciones más pronunciadas en las capas fotorreceptoras.

Conclusiones:

Los individuos con PSD demuestran alteraciones estructurales en las capas sinápticas, ganglionares y fotorreceptoras.
Los factores oculares y de salud, especialmente los trastornos cardiometabólicos, pueden contribuir a estos cambios en la retina.
Los cambios en la morfología de los fotorreceptores en la DSP podrían estar relacionados con los mecanismos neurobiológicos subyacentes al procesamiento visual y los déficits de memoria.

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