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Recomendaciones para la vacunación neumocócica de los niños en riesgo: una visión global (2022-2024)
Derek Daigle1, Graciela Morales2, Kyla Hayford3
1Pfizer Vaccines and Antivirals, US Medical Affairs, New York, NY, USA.
Vaccine
|September 2, 2025
Resumen
Las políticas de vacunación neumocócica para niños en riesgo son poco comunes, y solo alrededor de un tercio de los países las ofrecen. Cuando están disponibles, estos esquemas especializados para la vacuna neumocócica conjugada (PCV) y la vacuna polisacárida (PPV23) varían significativamente.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud pública
- Vacunas y vacunas
- Pediatría
Sus antecedentes:
- Las enfermedades neumocócicas representan una amenaza global significativa para la salud infantil, causando una morbilidad y mortalidad sustanciales.
- Los niños con afecciones subyacentes específicas se enfrentan a un mayor riesgo de infección neumocócica y enfermedad grave.
- Este informe examina las políticas de vacunación neumocócica diseñadas para las poblaciones pediátricas de alto riesgo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Proporcionar una visión general de las políticas mundiales de vacunación neumocócica.
- Centrarse específicamente en las estrategias de vacunación para los niños con mayor riesgo de enfermedad neumocócica.
Principales métodos:
- Recuperación sistemática de los calendarios de vacunación dirigidos a los grupos de riesgo de las organizaciones internacionales de salud (OMS, ECDC) y los sitios web nacionales de salud pública.
- Recopilación de información complementaria de fuentes gubernamentales y expertos en el terreno.
Principales resultados:
- Aproximadamente el 37,9% de los 195 países ofrecen políticas de vacunación específicas para los niños en riesgo.
- Entre estos, el 85,1% recomienda esquemas diferenciados, que a menudo incluyen refuerzos de vacuna conjugada neumocócica (PCV) seguidos de vacuna polisacárida de 23 valentes (PPV23).
- Las recomendaciones varían ampliamente con respecto a los tipos de vacunas (PCV13, PCV15, PCV20, PPV23), los programas y las condiciones de riesgo específicas.
Conclusiones:
- Los programas de vacunación neumocócica adaptados para niños de alto riesgo no se aplican ampliamente, a diferencia de los programas de rutina para bebés.
- Las recomendaciones existentes para los grupos de riesgo muestran una considerable heterogeneidad en la elección de la vacuna, la dosificación y las condiciones cubiertas.
- El desarrollo de directrices mejoradas y la mejora de la accesibilidad a las vacunas son cruciales para proteger a los niños en riesgo contra la enfermedad neumocócica.
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