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Las poliquetas adaptadas al agua dulce presentan un mecanismo enzimático completo para sintetizar ácidos grasos
Khalida Bainour1, Nabilah Zulkifli2, Ka-Kei Sam2
1Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Castellón, Spain.
Open biology
|September 3, 2025
Resumen
Las poliquetas de agua dulce como Namalycastis rhodochorde pueden sintetizar ácidos grasos poliinsaturados esenciales de cadena larga (LC-PUFA). Este descubrimiento ofrece una alternativa sostenible al aceite de pescado en la alimentación acuícola.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Bioquímica y Biología Molecular
- Acuicultura y biotecnología marina
- Zoología y Biología Invertebrada
Sus antecedentes:
- La sostenibilidad de la acuicultura se ve amenazada por la disminución de la harina y el aceite de pescado, fuentes cruciales de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga esenciales (LC-PUFA) para la salud de los peces y la calidad de los productos.
- Las poliquetas marinas poseen vías biosintéticas LC-PUFA completas, pero las especies de agua dulce siguen siendo poco estudiadas.
- Los ambientes de agua dulce pueden requerir una mayor biosíntesis de LC-PUFA en poliquetas adaptadas para superar las limitaciones dietéticas.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la capacidad de biosíntesis de LC-PUFA de la poliqueta de agua dulce Namalycastis rhodochorde.
- Identificar y caracterizar los genes clave involucrados en la síntesis de LC-PUFA, incluidas las elongas (Elovl) y las desaturas (Fed, ω des).
- Evaluar el potencial de N. rhodochorde como fuente sostenible de biomasa para la acuicultura.
Principales métodos:
- Aislamiento y caracterización de los genes de elongasa y desaturasa de N. rhodochorde.
- Utilizó un sistema de expresión heterólogo basado en levadura para estudiar la función génica.
- Analizó las actividades enzimáticas de los genes identificados en las vías de síntesis de PUFA.
Principales resultados:
- Se han identificado tres genes Elovl (Elovl2/5, Elovl4, Elovl1/7) capaces de alargar los sustratos de PUFA de C18 a C22.
- Descubrió dos genes Fed (Fed1 con actividad Δ5, Fed2 con doble actividad Δ6/Δ8) y dos desaturasas ω (una desaturasa Δ12 y una desaturasa ω3).
- Se confirmó la capacidad enzimática de N. rhodochorde para sintetizar LC-PUFA, incluido el ácido araquidónico (ARA) y el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA).
Conclusiones:
- Namalycastis rhodochorde posee el mecanismo genético para la síntesis de novo de LC-PUFA esencial como el ARA y el EPA.
- Esta poliqueta de agua dulce demuestra un potencial significativo para la producción sostenible de piensos para la acuicultura, reduciendo la dependencia de los recursos marinos.
- Una mayor investigación sobre el cultivo de N. rhodochorde puede apoyar prácticas de acuicultura respetuosas con el medio ambiente.
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