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Epulis: una revisión narrativa de la epidemiología, las características clínicas, la patogénesis y el manejo
Oral health & preventive dentistry
|September 3, 2025
Resumen
Las epulis son lesiones gingivales reactivas que requieren un diagnóstico histopatológico. El tratamiento implica la extirpación quirúrgica, con la prevención de la recurrencia centrada en la eliminación de irritantes y el cuidado dental regular.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Patología oral
- Dermatología
- Periodontología
Sus antecedentes:
- Las epulis son lesiones hiperplásticas reactivas de la encía, no una verdadera hipertrofia.
- Estas lesiones plantean desafíos de diagnóstico y manejo para los médicos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar la literatura actual sobre el epulis, que cubre la epidemiología, las características clínicas, la patogénesis y el tratamiento.
- Proporcionar información sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los subtipos de epulis.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión narrativa de la literatura científica existente.
- Análisis de los datos epidemiológicos, las presentaciones clínicas y los mecanismos moleculares.
- Evaluación de las modalidades de tratamiento actuales y emergentes.
Principales resultados:
- Epulis afecta predominantemente a adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad, con una mayor incidencia en las mujeres.
- La patogénesis involucra irritantes locales y vías de señalización como el receptor de hidrocarburos de arilo (AhR) y RAS-PI3K-AKT-NF-κB.
- La histopatología es crucial para el diagnóstico; la escisión quirúrgica es estándar, con alternativas emergentes como la terapia con láser.
Conclusiones:
- Diferenciar el epulis de las malignidades mediante exámenes clínicos y radiográficos.
- Emplear tratamientos y estrategias de prevención específicos para cada subtipo, incluida la eliminación de irritantes y el mantenimiento periodontal.
- La investigación futura debe centrarse en las terapias moleculares y en las directrices estandarizadas para la atención personalizada.
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