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Actividad física en pacientes con cáncer de edad avanzada: evidencia e implicaciones clínicas
Shugo Yajima1,2, Shin Kobayashi2, Tadayoshi Hashimoto2
1Department of Urology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
Frontiers in oncology
|September 3, 2025
Resumen
La actividad física regular beneficia a los pacientes mayores de cáncer al reducir el riesgo de cáncer, mejorar la recuperación después de la cirugía y mejorar la calidad de vida. El ejercicio es crucial para la prevención del cáncer y la supervivencia en las personas mayores.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Gerontología
- En el campo de la oncología
- Ciencia del ejercicio
Sus antecedentes:
- La incidencia del cáncer aumenta con la edad, lo que presenta desafíos únicos para los pacientes mayores, incluidas las comorbilidades y el deterioro funcional.
- Los adultos mayores requieren enfoques adaptados a la actividad física debido a los cambios fisiológicos relacionados con la edad y las condiciones de salud.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar la evidencia actual sobre el papel de la actividad física en pacientes mayores con cáncer.
- Sintetizar los hallazgos sobre el impacto de la actividad física en la prevención del cáncer, la recuperación postoperatoria y los resultados a largo plazo en este grupo demográfico.
- Proporcionar orientación basada en la evidencia para integrar la actividad física en el cuidado del cáncer en adultos mayores.
Principales métodos:
- Mini-revisión que sintetiza la literatura científica existente.
- Análisis de la evidencia sobre los efectos de la actividad física en la prevención del cáncer, la recuperación quirúrgica y la supervivencia en adultos mayores.
- Consideración de los riesgos de comportamiento sedentario y actividades físicas alternativas adecuadas como el yoga y el tai chi.
Principales resultados:
- La actividad física moderada está consistentemente relacionada con un riesgo reducido de varios tipos de cáncer.
- La actividad física mejora la recuperación posquirúrgica, mejora la calidad de vida y puede mejorar la supervivencia en los sobrevivientes de cáncer.
- El comportamiento sedentario plantea riesgos independientes, lo que requiere estilos de vida activos.
Conclusiones:
- La actividad física es un componente vital de la atención del cáncer para los adultos mayores, que afecta a la prevención a través de la supervivencia.
- Las intervenciones relacionadas con el ejercicio deben tener en cuenta los factores relacionados con la edad y el estado funcional individual.
- Se necesita más investigación para definir regímenes de ejercicio óptimos para poblaciones específicas de pacientes con cáncer de edad avanzada.
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