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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Mejora de la solubilidad de la atorvastatina utilizando disolventes eutecticos profundos

Yoga Windhu Wardhana1,2, Insan Sunan Kurniawansyah1,2, Taofik Rusdiana1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceuticals Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD), Jatinangor, Indonesia.

Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research
|September 3, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

Los disolventes eutecticos profundos (DES) mejoran la solubilidad del trihidrato de calcio de atorvastatina (ATCH). La nicotinamida en propilenglicol (PG) resultó óptima para la solubilidad de ATCH, mostrando una mejora significativa con respecto al agua.

Palabras clave:
El trihidrato de calcio de atorvastatinaSolventes eutécticos profundosSolubilidad del fármaco

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias Farmacéuticas
  • Ciencias de los materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los disolventes eutecticos profundos (DES) ofrecen un potencial en los productos farmacéuticos, pero requieren evaluaciones de seguridad y usabilidad.
  • La mejora de la solubilidad del fármaco es crucial para una administración y formulación efectivas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el potencial de los DES para mejorar la solubilidad del trihidrato de calcio de atorvastatina (ATCH).
  • Explorar las interacciones eutecticas entre el ATCH y los coformadores como la nicotinamida (NA) dentro de un sistema DES.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizan principios de co-cristalización para formar mezclas eutécticas.
  • Se empleó la microscopia de polarización, la espectroscopia de la transformación de Fourier en infrarrojo (FT-IR) y la calorimetría de barrido diferencial (DSC) para el análisis.
  • Interacciones evaluadas entre el ATCH, la nicotinamida (NA) y el propilenglicol (PG) en un DES.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificó un sistema DES óptimo utilizando nicotinamida (NA) en propilenglicol (PG) para el ATCH.
  • Se ha confirmado la formación de enlaces de hidrógeno (enlaces H) entre los componentes ATCH y DES a través de FT-IR y DSC.
  • Se ha demostrado un aumento significativo de la solubilidad de ATCH en el sistema DES (0,158 ± 0,098 mg/mL) en comparación con el agua (0,000597 ± 0,003 mg/mL).

Conclusiones:

  • Los disolventes eutecticos profundos, especialmente con nicotinamida como coformador en el propilenglicol, mejoran efectivamente la solubilidad del trihidrato de calcio de atorvastatina.
  • El estudio valida el uso de DES como una estrategia viable para mejorar la solubilidad de medicamentos poco solubles como el ATCH.
  • Las interacciones de enlace de hidrógeno son clave para la mayor solubilidad observada en el sistema DES.