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Sustitución de la actividad física: una restricción ignorada en el gasto de energía durante las intervenciones de
Dylan Thompson1, Melina Del Angel1, Matthew A Nunes2
1Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
|September 4, 2025
Resumen
La sustitución de la actividad física puede reducir las ganancias reales de gasto energético del ejercicio prescrito. Este fenómeno introduce una variabilidad significativa en los resultados, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de abordar la sustitución de intervenciones de ejercicio más efectivas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Fisiología del ejercicio
- Ciencias del comportamiento
Sus antecedentes:
- Las intervenciones de ejercicio prescritas tienen por objeto aumentar el gasto energético.
- La sustitución de la actividad física, en la que el nuevo ejercicio sustituye a la actividad existente, puede disminuir las ganancias netas de gasto energético.
- Los desafíos metodológicos han obstaculizado previamente el estudio de los efectos de sustitución.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Modelar matemáticamente y examinar el impacto de la sustitución de la actividad física en el gasto de energía durante el ejercicio prescrito.
- Cuantificar el efecto de la sustitución en el gasto energético diario neto en diferentes escenarios de intensidad del ejercicio.
Principales métodos:
- Se empleó el modelado matemático para simular los efectos de sustitución.
- Se analizaron los datos de 242 pacientes (de 63±6 años de edad) sometidos a intervenciones de ejercicio prescritas a BAJO y ALTO nivel.
- El gasto energético diario neto se calculó restando la actividad física preexistente del ejercicio prescrito modelado.
Principales resultados:
- La contabilización de la sustitución redujo el aumento previsto en el gasto energético diario al 38% (±32%) para el ejercicio de baja intensidad y al 73% (±12%) para el ejercicio de alta intensidad.
- La sustitución introdujo una heterogeneidad sustancial en los cambios del gasto energético, en particular en el escenario LOW (que oscila entre el +91% y el -93% de las predicciones aditivas).
Conclusiones:
- La sustitución de la actividad física puede disminuir significativamente la eficacia de las intervenciones de ejercicio prescritas al reducir el gasto energético.
- Abordar la sustitución es crucial para aumentar la eficacia y la consistencia de las intervenciones basadas en el ejercicio.
- La sustitución atenuante podría conducir a mejoras más predecibles y sustanciales en el gasto energético.
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