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La contaminación del aire y los microbiomas alterados: rastrear el impacto en la salud humana

Treesa Thomas¹, Abdulqadir J Nashwan¹

¹Nursing and Midwifery Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT.

|September 4, 2025

Resumen

La contaminación del aire altera significativamente la microbiota intestinal, lo que afecta a la salud en general. Las medidas de protección como los probióticos y la dieta pueden mitigar estos efectos, pero la exposición a largo plazo plantea riesgos, especialmente para los niños.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias de la salud ambiental
Investigación del microbioma
Toxicología

Sus antecedentes:

La contaminación atmosférica es un factor de riesgo conocido para diversas enfermedades.
La evidencia emergente vincula los contaminantes del aire con las alteraciones en la microbiota intestinal.
La microbiota intestinal juega un papel crítico en el mantenimiento de la salud humana.

Objetivo del estudio:

Realizar una revisión de alcance de la literatura existente sobre el impacto de la contaminación del aire en la microbiota intestinal.
Sintetizar los hallazgos sobre las consecuencias para la salud asociadas a la disbiosis intestinal inducida por la contaminación del aire.
Identificar las posibles estrategias de mitigación y las lagunas de conocimiento.

Principales métodos:

Búsqueda completa de la literatura de las bases de datos de PubMed y Scopus.
Análisis en profundidad de 159 trabajos seleccionados.
La revisión se centró en estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2025, que examinaron contaminantes específicos como las PM2,5, los metales pesados y los COV.

Principales resultados:

La contaminación del aire altera la composición de la microbiota intestinal, afectando la salud respiratoria, neurológica, cardiovascular y metabólica.
Los ejes intestino-pulmonar y intestino-cerebro son mediadores clave de estos efectos.
Los probióticos, los simbióticos y los cambios en la dieta muestran potencial para la mitigación.

Conclusiones:

La exposición temprana y prolongada a la contaminación atmosférica tiene efectos duraderos en la salud, especialmente en los niños.
Los cambios en la microbiota intestinal inducidos por la contaminación del aire pueden exacerbar las enfermedades existentes.
Se necesita más investigación para comprender los mecanismos y las implicaciones para la salud pública.

Palabras clave:

Contaminantes del aire contaminación del aire toxinas transmitidas por el aire Disbiosis en el cuerpo La microbiota intestinal Eje intestino-cerebro Eje intestino-pulmón partículas en suspensión En el caso de las

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