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Tight junctions are molecular seals between cells that prevent the leaking of fluids, ions, and other small solutes across cavities and compartments in multicellular organisms. They are mainly composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, and other proteins such as tricellulin and JAM (junctional adhesion molecule). All these proteins are 4-pass transmembrane proteins, except JAM, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The...
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
α-Catenin as a Mechanosensory Protein
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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La tensión epitelial controla la extrusión de las células intestinales

Daniel Krueger1,2, Willem Kasper Spoelstra3, Dirk Jan Mastebroek1

  • 1Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMC), Utrecht, Netherlands.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 4, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

La extrusión celular en el intestino está regulada por un "arrastramiento" mecánico entre las células, no por apiñamiento. Las células que no pueden mantener la tensión son extruidas, asegurando la integridad de la barrera epitelial.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología celular
  • La biofísica
  • Gastroenterología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La auto-renovación epitelial es crucial para la homeostasis intestinal.
  • Anteriormente se pensaba que la extrusión celular, un proceso clave, se desencadenaba por el apiñamiento celular.
  • El mecanismo preciso que regula la extrusión celular sigue siendo incompletamente entendido.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la regulación mecánica de la extrusión celular en el epitelio intestinal.
  • Para aclarar el papel de la mecánica intercelular en el mantenimiento de la función de la barrera epitelial.
  • Desafiar el modelo prevaleciente de extrusión inducida por aglomeración.

Principales métodos:

  • Microscopía cuantitativa en vivo de los intestinos y organoides de ratón.
  • Inducción optogenética de la tensión del tejido.
  • Perturbación genética de la actividad de la miosina II.
  • Disrupción local de la corteza basal.

Principales resultados:

  • Una red dinámica de actomiosina genera tensión a través de las vellosidades intestinales, incluida la punta.
  • La extrusión celular está regulada por un
  • Tracción de cuerpos
  • entre las células contráctiles.
  • Las células mecánicamente débiles, incapaces de mantener la tensión, se extruyen.

Conclusiones:

  • La tensión mecánica intercelular, no solo la aglomeración, es el principal impulsor de la extrusión celular.
  • La integridad de la barrera epitelial depende fundamentalmente de las propiedades mecánicas de las células.
  • Este estudio revela un nuevo mecanismo para mantener la homeostasis del tejido intestinal.