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Eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas por enfermeras para dejar de fumar en pacientes fumadores: una revisión

Guowen Zhang¹, Jie Zhou², Yuling Xu³

¹Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

International journal of nursing studies

|September 4, 2025

Resumen

Las intervenciones dirigidas por enfermeras mejoran significativamente las tasas de abandono del tabaquismo. El asesoramiento intensivo combinado con vareniclina o apoyo familiar muestra la mayor eficacia para la abstinencia del tabaco.

Área de la Ciencia:

Intervenciones de enfermería
Salud pública
Investigación para dejar de fumar

Sus antecedentes:

El consumo de tabaco afecta negativamente a la calidad de vida y a la esperanza de vida de los pacientes.
Las intervenciones para dejar de fumar dirigidas por enfermeras son reconocidas como estrategias efectivas para los pacientes.
Los profesionales de la salud, especialmente las enfermeras, desempeñan un papel crucial en las iniciativas de salud pública.

Objetivo del estudio:

Evaluar y comparar sistemáticamente la eficacia de diversas intervenciones dirigidas por enfermeras para dejar de fumar.
Identificar estrategias óptimas dirigidas por enfermeras para maximizar las tasas de abstinencia del tabaco.
Evaluar la certeza de las pruebas de diversas intervenciones para dejar de fumar.

Principales métodos:

Una revisión sistemática exhaustiva y un metanálisis de red de ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA).
Buscado en las principales bases de datos (PubMed, Web of Science, etc.) hasta el 10 de mayo de 2025.
Evaluación del riesgo de sesgo utilizando la herramienta Cochrane de riesgo de sesgo y la credibilidad de la evidencia utilizando CINeMA.

Principales resultados:

El asesoramiento intensivo combinado con vareniclina (RR=2,78) y la intervención basada en la familia (RR=2,68) demostraron una eficacia significativa.
Los consejos breves y el asesoramiento breve también mostraron superioridad sobre la atención habitual, aunque con menor certeza de la evidencia.
El asesoramiento intensivo más la vareniclina y las intervenciones basadas en la familia se clasificaron como las más altas para la abstinencia sostenida del tabaco.

Conclusiones:

Las enfermeras deben integrar breves consejos o asesoramiento en la atención rutinaria del paciente.
Las intervenciones óptimas dirigidas por enfermeras incluyen asesoramiento intensivo con vareniclina, NRT o apoyo basado en la familia.
Se recomienda una mayor investigación de alta calidad debido a la certeza de la evidencia generalmente baja a moderada.

Palabras clave:

Metaanálisis de la red Intervenciones dirigidas por enfermeras Los pacientes Intervención para dejar de fumar El examen sistemático

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