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"El rasgo falciforme y el riesgo de malignidad"

Synéja Richards¹, Rawan Elkomi¹, Sair Ahmad Tabraiz¹

¹Howard University Department of Internal Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.

Journal of the National Medical Association

|September 4, 2025

Resumen

El rasgo de células falciformes (SCT) no aumenta el riesgo general de cáncer. Sin embargo, la SCT puede ofrecer protección contra la leucemia y muestra un vínculo potencial pero no concluyente con un mayor riesgo de cáncer renal.

Área de la Ciencia:

Hematología
En el campo de la oncología
Epidemiología

Sus antecedentes:

El rasgo de células falciformes (SCT) es una condición hereditaria común, a menudo considerada benigna.
Las investigaciones emergentes sugieren un posible vínculo entre SCT y el desarrollo del cáncer.
Comprender esta asociación es crucial para la salud pública, especialmente en las poblaciones en riesgo.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar la asociación entre el rasgo de células falciformes (SCT) y el riesgo de desarrollar mieloma múltiple, cáncer renal, leucemia, carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) y cáncer colorrectal.
Evaluar la incidencia del cáncer y los resultados de supervivencia en individuos con SCT.
Aclarar el papel oncogénico o protector de la SCT en diversas neoplasias malignas.

Principales métodos:

Análisis retrospectivo de cohorte de registros electrónicos de salud no identificados de la base de datos TriNetX durante 20 años.
Evaluación estadística utilizando la diferencia de riesgo (RD), el coeficiente de riesgo (RR), el coeficiente de probabilidad (OR) y los coeficientes de riesgo (HR).
Análisis de supervivencia Kaplan-Meier para evaluar los resultados del cáncer en pacientes con SCT y enfermedad de células falciformes (SCD).

Principales resultados:

El rasgo de células falciformes (SCT) no se relacionó con un mayor riesgo de mieloma múltiple, CHC o cáncer colorrectal.
Se observó un riesgo estadísticamente menor de leucemia en individuos con SCT en comparación con pacientes con SCD (RR=0,464, p<0,001), lo que sugiere un efecto protector.
Se observó un aumento modesto y no significativo en el riesgo de cáncer renal en individuos con SCT (RR=1,201, p=0,059).

Conclusiones:

El rasgo de células falciformes (SCT) no eleva el riesgo general de cáncer.
La SCT puede conferir un efecto protector contra la leucemia, potencialmente a través de mecanismos inmunológicos o hematopoyéticos.
Se necesitan más investigaciones para confirmar la asociación observada con el cáncer renal y aclarar las vías biológicas subyacentes.

Palabras clave:

Carcinoma hepatocelular La leucemia Cáncer de riñón Enfermedad de células falciformes Trato de las células falciformes (SCT)

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