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Una prestación por enfermedad para todos, sin dejar a nadie atrás
Daseul Moon1,2,3, Hongjo Choi1,2,4
1People's Health Institute, Seoul, Korea.
Annals of occupational and environmental medicine
|September 4, 2025
Resumen
El programa de prestaciones por enfermedad de Corea del Sur, aunque apunta a la inclusión, corre el riesgo de excluir a los trabajadores precarios debido a los bajos beneficios y las largas esperas. Esta "paradoja de la redistribución" pone de relieve la necesidad de reformas equitativas y centradas en las personas para lograr una verdadera protección social.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Política de salud pública
- Sistemas de protección social
- Economía del mercado de trabajo
Sus antecedentes:
- Corea del Sur lanzó un programa piloto de beneficios por enfermedad en 2022, expandiéndose a 14 regiones para 2025.
- El programa tiene como objetivo mejorar la protección social, pero enfrenta desafíos en su estructura actual.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Examinar críticamente el diseño del programa de beneficios por enfermedad de Corea del Sur.
- Analizar cómo las características actuales pueden exacerbar las desigualdades existentes en el mercado laboral.
- Evaluar la alineación del programa con los objetivos de cobertura universal de salud.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis cualitativo de las características del diseño del programa y de los criterios de elegibilidad.
- Aplicación de las
- Paradoja de la redistribución
- el marco jurídico.
- Examen de los posibles efectos sobre las poblaciones de trabajadores vulnerables.
Principales resultados:
- Las bajas tasas de reemplazo del programa (60% del salario mínimo) y los largos períodos de espera crean incentivos perversos.
- Los trabajadores precarios están sistemáticamente en desventaja, lo que socava los objetivos de inclusión.
- La restricción en la segunda fase a la franja de ingresos del 50% inferior corre el riesgo de empeorar la paradoja de la redistribución.
Conclusiones:
- Las opciones de diseño actuales pueden socavar la cobertura universal de salud al excluir a los más vulnerables.
- La implementación exitosa requiere la integración de perspectivas de equidad, centradas en las personas y de transformación de género.
- El programa tiene el potencial de remodelar las estructuras que producen desigualdades sanitarias y económicas si se reforma.
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