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La exposición ambiental al ozono y la salud infantil mundial: una revisión sistemática de los estudios

Ying Zhou¹, Lanqing Qu², Die Li²

¹Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)

|September 5, 2025

Resumen

El aumento de la contaminación por ozono representa un riesgo significativo para la salud de los niños, afectando a enfermedades como el asma y la obesidad. Las normas actuales de calidad del aire son insuficientes para proteger a los niños, lo que requiere revisiones urgentes.

Área de la Ciencia:

Salud del medio ambiente
Salud pediátrica
Investigación de la contaminación atmosférica

Sus antecedentes:

El ozono troposférico es un contaminante fotoquímico con concentraciones crecientes.
Las zonas urbanas experimentan niveles máximos de ozono durante las estaciones cálidas y soleadas con alto tráfico.
La salud de los niños es particularmente vulnerable al aumento de la exposición al ozono ambiental.

Objetivo del estudio:

Proporcionar una revisión exhaustiva de la investigación sobre la exposición al ozono ambiental y la salud infantil.
Analizar la asociación entre la exposición al ozono y varios resultados de salud pediátrica.
Evaluar la adecuación de las normas actuales de calidad del aire para la protección de los niños.

Principales métodos:

Realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura de la base de datos de PubMed (1964-2024).
Estudios epidemiológicos identificados sobre el ozono ambiental y la salud de los niños.
Compilación de los niveles medios de exposición al ozono de los estudios incluidos.

Principales resultados:

Se incluyeron 85 estudios en la revisión.
La evidencia consistente vincula la exposición al ozono con el bajo peso al nacer, el asma, las enfermedades respiratorias y la obesidad en los niños.
Efectos nocivos observados incluso en concentraciones de ozono por debajo de las normas de la OMS.
Tanto la exposición a largo plazo como los picos de ozono a corto plazo tienen un impacto negativo en la salud de los niños.

Conclusiones:

Las normas actuales de calidad del aire ambiente con ozono son inadecuadas para salvaguardar la salud de los niños.
Se recomienda una revisión urgente de las normas de calidad del aire.
Se necesita más investigación para abordar los hallazgos controvertidos e informar la política de salud pública y la práctica clínica.

Palabras clave:

normas de calidad del aire Exposición al ozono ambiental disparidades en la salud infantil Evidencia epidemiológica protección de la salud pública

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