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La naturaleza dual de la neuroinflamación en el cerebro en red

Ludmila Müller¹, Svetlana Di Benedetto¹, Viktor Müller¹

¹Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany.

Frontiers in immunology

|September 5, 2025

Resumen

La neuroinflamación involucra células inmunes del cerebro como la microglía y los astrocitos. Sus complejas interacciones con las neuronas y las señales externas determinan la salud o enfermedad del cerebro, lo que afecta a los trastornos neurológicos.

Área de la Ciencia:

La neurociencia
Inmunología
Biología celular

Sus antecedentes:

La neuroinflamación es un proceso crítico del cerebro involucrado en el desarrollo, mantenimiento y respuesta a la lesión.
Representa un equilibrio entre la reparación y la disfunción, influenciado por la actividad de las células inmunes.
La neuroinflamación desregulada o crónica contribuye a los trastornos neurológicos.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para revisar los mecanismos celulares y moleculares de la neuroinflamación.
Explorar las funciones de la microglía, los astrocitos y su comunicación con las neuronas.
Examinar cómo los estímulos y las vías reguladoras influyen en los resultados neuroinflamatorios.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de la literatura existente sobre la neuroinflamación.
Análisis de los mecanismos celulares y moleculares.
Centrarse en las células gliales (microglia y astrocitos) y la comunicación neurona-glia.
Examen de las vías reguladoras (citocinas, receptores, inmunometabolismo).

Principales resultados:

Las células gliales (microglia, astrocitos) son centrales para la neuroinflamación, interactuando con las neuronas y las señales periféricas.
Los estímulos como el envejecimiento y los agregados de proteínas modulan la función glial, lo que lleva a respuestas inmunes protectoras o dañinas.
Las vías endógenas, incluida la señalización de citoquinas y el inmunometabolismo, dictan la resolución o persistencia de la inflamación.

Conclusiones:

La neuroinflamación es un proceso complejo y dependiente del contexto con un doble papel en la salud neuronal y la enfermedad.
Comprender la dinámica neuroinmune es crucial para abordar los trastornos neurológicos.
Esta revisión proporciona una perspectiva a nivel de los sistemas sobre la contribución de la neuroinflamación a la resiliencia o degeneración neuronal.

Palabras clave:

Sistema nervioso central Los astrocitos el cerebro las microglías Interacciones neuroinmunes La neuroinflamación trastornos neurológicos Las neuronas

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