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Patrones faciales y apnea obstructiva del sueño en niños que buscan tratamiento ortodóncico: datos de 3671

Derek Mahony^1,2, Niroj Bhattarai², Cascella Simona³

¹Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.

Orthodontics & craniofacial research

|September 5, 2025

Resumen

Los niños con apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) severa a menudo presentan un perfil facial de clase II y una larga altura de la parte inferior de la cara. Los ortodoncistas deben considerar problemas respiratorios en niños con estas características craneofaciales.

Área de la Ciencia:

La ortodoncia
Medicina del sueño pediátrica
Imágenes craneofaciales

Sus antecedentes:

La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) es una condición prevalente en los niños.
La morfología facial puede influir en el desarrollo y la gravedad de la AOS.
La identificación temprana de los factores de riesgo de AOS en los niños es crucial.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar la correlación entre las características del perfil facial vertical y sagital y el diagnóstico/gravedad de la AOS en niños.
Evaluar si los patrones craneofaciales específicos están asociados con valores más altos del índice de apnea/hipopnea (IAH).

Principales métodos:

Se analizó una cohorte de 3671 niños (de 7 a 9 años) sometidos a su primera visita de ortodoncia.
Se utilizó la polisomnografía (PSG) para determinar el índice de Apnea/ Hipopnea (AHI).
Los cefalogramas laterales se analizaron utilizando el Análisis Sassouni Modificado para evaluar las características del perfil facial.

Principales resultados:

No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el AHI basadas en el sexo o la edad.
Los niños con AOS grave (AHI ≥ 11) presentaban predominantemente un patrón facial largo (87,3%).
La AOS severa se asoció con un perfil facial de Clase II y retrusión maxilo-mandibular, mientras que los valores más bajos del AHI se correlacionaron con un perfil de Clase I y una protuberancia maxilo-mandibular.

Conclusiones:

Un perfil de Clase II, retrusión maxilomandibular y aumento de la altura facial anterior inferior están fuertemente relacionados con la AOS grave en niños de 7 a 9 años.
Los ortodoncistas deben estar atentos a posibles problemas respiratorios en los niños que presentan estas características craneofaciales.
Este estudio pone de relieve la importancia de considerar la morfología craneofacial en la detección temprana de la AOS pediátrica.

Palabras clave:

Trastornos respiratorios durante el sueño Cefalometría el niño Mala oclusión Apnea obstructiva del sueño

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