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Efectos del entrenamiento físico sobre la presión arterial: una visión general de las revisiones

Andrés F Loaiza-Betancur^1,2, Lisette Ethel Iglesias-González³, Víctor Díaz-López¹

¹Instituto Universitario de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.

Journal of sports sciences

|September 5, 2025

Resumen

El entrenamiento físico, incluidos los tipos aeróbicos y de resistencia, probablemente reduzca la presión arterial alta (PAH) en adultos con PAH o afecciones relacionadas. Sin embargo, la calidad de la evidencia tanto para los beneficios como para la seguridad es en su mayoría baja, lo que requiere más investigación.

Área de la Ciencia:

Salud cardiovascular
Fisiología del ejercicio
Síntesis de las pruebas

Sus antecedentes:

La presión arterial alta (PAH) es un problema de salud mundial.
Existen numerosas revisiones sistemáticas sobre el impacto del ejercicio en la HBP, pero las limitaciones metodológicas y los resultados variados son comunes.
Se necesita una síntesis exhaustiva de pruebas de alta calidad.

Objetivo del estudio:

Sintetizar los hallazgos de revisiones sistemáticas de alta calidad sobre los beneficios y los daños de varias modalidades de entrenamiento físico para el control de la presión arterial en adultos.
Evaluar la certeza de las pruebas sobre los efectos del ejercicio sobre la presión arterial y los eventos adversos.
Identificar las limitaciones del panorama actual de la investigación.

Principales métodos:

Se realizó una visión general de las revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA).
Las búsquedas se realizaron en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Epistemonikos y PROSPERO.
La certeza de la evidencia se evaluó utilizando el método GRADE, siguiendo las directrices de la Declaración PRIOR.

Principales resultados:

Se incluyeron dieciocho revisiones, que abarcaron 352 ECA y 20.518 adultos.
El entrenamiento de resistencia aeróbico, combinado e isométrico probablemente reduzca la presión arterial en adultos con HBP, enfermedad cardiovascular o enfermedad metabólica (evidencia de certeza moderada).
Los datos de seguridad de nueve revisiones tenían una certeza muy baja, con escasa información sobre eventos adversos.

Conclusiones:

La base de evidencia actual para el efecto del entrenamiento físico en la presión arterial en adultos es predominantemente de muy baja certeza.
Existen limitaciones significativas en las investigaciones existentes.
Son esenciales otros ECA de alta calidad para fortalecer la evidencia e informar la práctica clínica con respecto al ejercicio para la HBP.

Palabras clave:

El examen sistemático Entrenamiento aeróbico evaluación crítica entrenamiento físico Presión arterial alta Metanálisis entrenamiento de resistencia

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