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Desmitificando los factores intrincados de la anemia nutricional más allá de la deficiencia de hierro: una revisión
Richa Soni1, Deepak Verma2, Rajni Chopra3
1Department of Life Sciences, Food Science & Nutrition, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
Clinical nutrition ESPEN
|September 5, 2025
Resumen
La anemia nutricional, que afecta a casi una cuarta parte de la población mundial, se debe a factores más complejos que la deficiencia de hierro. Las estrategias innovadoras como la biofortificación y la modulación de la hepcidina ofrecen soluciones prometedoras para la prevención y el manejo.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Nutrición para la salud pública
- Investigación de los micronutrientes
- Epidemiología de la salud mundial
Sus antecedentes:
- La anemia nutricional afecta a ~1,92 mil millones en todo el mundo, siendo la anemia por deficiencia de hierro (IDA) la más común.
- Además del hierro, las deficiencias de vitamina B12, ácido fólico, zinc, cobre y vitamina A contribuyen a la anemia.
- Los inhibidores de la dieta, las infecciones y la inflamación exacerban la anemia nutricional.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar exhaustivamente las causas multifactoriales de la anemia nutricional.
- Explorar ideas emergentes y estrategias innovadoras para la prevención y el tratamiento de la anemia.
- Evaluar el impacto de las tendencias dietéticas modernas en la prevalencia de la anemia.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión narrativa que sintetiza estudios epidemiológicos recientes, ensayos clínicos y intervenciones de salud pública.
- Enfoque integrador para una comprensión holística de la anemia nutricional.
- Identificación de las lagunas de conocimiento y limitaciones de la estrategia de intervención.
Principales resultados:
- La prevalencia de la anemia es impulsada por interacciones complejas de deficiencias de micronutrientes, inhibidores dietéticos y factores socioambientales.
- Las soluciones emergentes como la modulación de la hepcidina, la biofortificación y las nuevas formulaciones de hierro son prometedoras.
- El éxito de la reducción de la anemia varía según la región, lo que requiere enfoques culturalmente adaptados.
Conclusiones:
- Las estrategias integradas son esenciales, centrándose en la biodisponibilidad de los micronutrientes, las políticas de salud pública y los determinantes sociales.
- La investigación interdisciplinaria y el desarrollo de políticas son fundamentales para las soluciones sostenibles.
- Las poblaciones vulnerables requieren intervenciones específicas para la reducción de la anemia.
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