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El eje microbioma-cáncer como un contribuyente oculto a la tumorigénesis de inicio temprano

Azfar Jamal^1,2, Mohammad Azhar Kamal³, Yaser E Alqurashi⁴

¹Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, 11952, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. azfarjamal@mu.edu.sa.

Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England)

|September 6, 2025

Resumen

Los cánceres de aparición temprana están aumentando, con el microbioma humano emergiendo como un factor clave. Comprender las funciones microbianas en la tumorigénesis es crucial para desarrollar nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

Área de la Ciencia:

En el campo de la oncología
Microbiología
Investigación del microbioma humano

Sus antecedentes:

La incidencia mundial de cáncer de inicio temprano ha aumentado en casi un 80% en tres décadas.
Los factores de riesgo tradicionales (genética, estilo de vida) no explican completamente este aumento.
La evidencia emergente apunta al microbioma humano como un contribuyente significativo a la tumorigénesis temprana.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar el papel del microbioma humano en el inicio y la progresión de cánceres de aparición temprana.
Para explorar las firmas microbianas específicas del tejido y su asociación con tumores malignos de aparición temprana.
Subrayar la necesidad de integrar la dinámica microbiana en las estrategias de vigilancia e intervención del cáncer para las poblaciones más jóvenes.

Principales métodos:

Análisis de las firmas microbiológicas específicas del tejido (por ejemplo, Actinomyces, Bacteroidia en el cáncer colorrectal; Enterobacter, Neisseria en el cáncer de páncreas).
Exploración de los ejes microbianos (intestino-testículo, intestino-oral, intestino-hígado) y su impacto en la inmunidad sistémica y los paisajes endocrinos.
Investigar los mecanismos de la disbiosis microbiana, la formación de biopelículas y la producción de metabolitos en la promoción de la oncogénesis.

Principales resultados:

Identificación de enriquecimientos microbianos específicos relacionados con el cáncer colorrectal y pancreático de inicio temprano.
Evidencia de ejes microbianos que modulan los sistemas inmunológico y endocrino, lo que podría predisponer a las personas a la malignidad.
El eje microbioma-cáncer está implicado como un factor oculto en diversas neoplasias malignas de inicio temprano.

Conclusiones:

La disbiosis microbiana, las biopelículas y los metabolitos contribuyen a la inflamación oncogénica, el daño al ADN y la evasión inmune en los cánceres de aparición temprana.
Los biomarcadores microbianos son prometedores para el diagnóstico, y se están explorando intervenciones como los probióticos y el trasplante de microbiota fecal.
La integración de la investigación sobre el microbioma en la vigilancia y el tratamiento del cáncer es esencial para la detección temprana y la prevención en poblaciones jóvenes.

Palabras clave:

Biomarcadores del cáncer Cáncer de inicio temprano Disbiosis microbiana Terapia dirigida al microbioma Eje del microbioma cáncer Metabólitos en el cuerpo El origen del tumor

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