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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

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Impactos de la invasión en los ecosistemas terrestres: patrones y predictores globales

Madhav P Thakur1, Zhizhuang Gu2, Mark van Kleunen3,4,5

  • 1Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

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Las invasiones biológicas tienen un impacto negativo en la diversidad de plantas nativas y aumentan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La presencia prolongada de invasores intensifica estos efectos, aunque los impactos en las propiedades del suelo pueden disminuir con el tiempo.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ecología
  • Ciencias del medio ambiente

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las invasiones biológicas son uno de los principales impulsores del cambio ambiental global.
  • Los impactos de las especies invasoras en los ecosistemas son muy variables.
  • Comprender estos impactos es crucial para la conservación y la gestión.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para sintetizar la evidencia global sobre los impactos de las invasiones biológicas en los ecosistemas terrestres.
  • Identificar los factores clave, como el tiempo de residencia del invasor, que modulan los impactos de la invasión.
  • Evaluar la consistencia y persistencia de los impactos de la invasión en las propiedades del ecosistema.

Principales métodos:

  • Metaanálisis global de 775 estudios y 2.223 tamaños de efecto.
  • Análisis de las repercusiones sobre la diversidad vegetal autóctona y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
  • Investigación del papel del tiempo de residencia del invasor y otros factores ecológicos.

Principales resultados:

  • Las plantas invasoras reducen constantemente la diversidad de plantas nativas.
  • Las plantas y animales invasores aumentan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, aunque se observa un sesgo en la publicación.
  • El tiempo de residencia más largo de los invasores amplifica los efectos negativos en la diversidad nativa, pero debilita los impactos en las propiedades del suelo con el tiempo.

Conclusiones:

  • La diversidad de plantas nativas es persistentemente sensible a las invasiones biológicas.
  • Los impactos de la invasión en las propiedades del ecosistema pueden cambiar con el tiempo, con una sensibilidad variable.
  • Se necesita más investigación para abordar los posibles sesgos en la comprensión de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de las invasiones.