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El miedo protege. Hasta que no lo hace. : El cerebro aprende a suprimir las respuestas defensivas instintivas cuando
1Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London, UK.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 30, 2025
Resumen
El cerebro aprende a detener las reacciones defensivas cuando una amenaza percibida es en realidad segura. Esta neuroplasticidad ayuda a manejar las respuestas de miedo a estímulos no peligrosos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia
- Ciencias cognitivas
- Ciencias del comportamiento
Sus antecedentes:
- El cerebro exhibe respuestas defensivas innatas ante amenazas potenciales.
- Comprender los mecanismos de percepción de amenaza y modificación de la respuesta es crucial para el tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar cómo el cerebro aprende a suprimir las respuestas defensivas instintivas.
- Para identificar los circuitos neuronales involucrados en la adaptación de las respuestas de miedo a amenazas inofensivas.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizó paradigmas de condicionamiento del miedo en modelos animales.
- Se emplearon técnicas de neuroimagen y electrofisiología para controlar la actividad neuronal.
- Análisis del comportamiento para cuantificar las respuestas defensivas.
Principales resultados:
- Demostró que la exposición repetida a una amenaza inofensiva conduce a la supresión de comportamientos defensivos.
- Se identificaron poblaciones neuronales específicas en la amígdala y la corteza prefrontal que median esta supresión.
- Mostró el papel del aprendizaje de la extinción en la modificación de circuitos de miedo innatos.
Conclusiones:
- El cerebro posee una notable capacidad para desaprender las respuestas de miedo cuando las amenazas se demuestran benignas.
- Este proceso de aprendizaje adaptativo implica cambios neuroplásticos significativos en las regiones cerebrales relacionadas con el miedo.
- Los hallazgos proporcionan información sobre posibles objetivos terapéuticos para los trastornos de miedo y ansiedad.
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