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Los alimentos ultraprocesados y la salud humana: la tesis principal y la evidencia

Carlos A Monteiro¹, Maria Lc Louzada¹, Euridice Steele-Martinez²

¹Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Epidemiological Studies in Health and Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Lancet (London, England)

|November 21, 2025

Resumen

Los alimentos ultraprocesados están desplazando globalmente las dietas tradicionales, lo que lleva a una mala calidad de la dieta y a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Este cambio en la dieta es uno de los principales impulsores de los problemas de salud a nivel mundial.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias de la nutrición
Salud pública
Epidemiología

Sus antecedentes:

Los alimentos ultraprocesados (UPF) son cada vez más frecuentes en todo el mundo.
Las dietas tradicionales centradas en los alimentos enteros están siendo desplazadas por las UPF.
Existen preocupaciones con respecto a los impactos en la salud del consumo de UPF.

Objetivo del estudio:

Evaluar tres hipótesis con respecto al impacto de los alimentos ultraprocesados en las dietas y la salud globales.
Evaluar el desplazamiento de las dietas de alimentos integrales por los patrones de alimentos ultraprocesados.
Examinar la relación entre los alimentos ultraprocesados y el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas.

Principales métodos:

Combina las revisiones narrativas y sistemáticas.
Incluye análisis originales y metanálisis.
Utiliza décadas de encuestas nacionales de consumo y compra de alimentos, datos de ventas globales, grandes cohortes, estudios de intervención y estudios prospectivos.

Principales resultados:

La evidencia apoya que los alimentos ultraprocesados están desplazando a nivel mundial las dietas tradicionales de alimentos integrales.
Los alimentos ultraprocesados conducen a un deterioro de la calidad de la dieta, a desequilibrios de nutrientes, a comer en exceso y a una ingesta reducida de compuestos protectores.
Los alimentos ultraprocesados están relacionados con un mayor riesgo de múltiples enfermedades crónicas en casi todos los sistemas de órganos.

Conclusiones:

El desplazamiento de las dietas tradicionales por alimentos ultraprocesados es un factor clave de la carga mundial de enfermedades crónicas.
El consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados se asocia con resultados adversos para la salud y un mayor riesgo de enfermedad.
Se necesitan políticas y estrategias de salud pública para promover dietas integrales.

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