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Prueba clínica aleatorizada de WISDOM basada en el riesgo frente al cribado anual del cáncer de mama
Laura J Esserman1, Allison S Fiscalini1, Arash Naeim2
1University of California, San Francisco.
JAMA
|December 12, 2025
Resumen
El cribado del cáncer de mama basado en el riesgo estratificó a las mujeres por riesgo genético e intensidad del cribado. Aunque seguro, este enfoque no disminuyó las tasas de biopsia en comparación con la mamografía anual.
Área de la Ciencia:
- En el campo de la oncología
- La genética
- La medicina preventiva
Sus antecedentes:
- La evaluación individual del riesgo de cáncer de mama puede optimizar las estrategias de detección.
- Los métodos de detección actuales pueden no asignar recursos de manera eficiente a las personas de alto riesgo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la viabilidad del cribado del cáncer de mama basado en el riesgo como alternativa a la mamografía anual.
- Determinar si la estratificación del riesgo mejora los resultados del cribado.
Principales métodos:
- Un ensayo clínico pragmático, multicéntrico y aleatorizado comparó el cribado basado en el riesgo con la mamografía anual en mujeres de 40 a 74 años.
- La evaluación del riesgo incluyó secuenciación genética, puntuaciones de riesgo poligénico y un modelo de riesgo validado.
- Las recomendaciones de detección variaron según el riesgo calculado a 5 años y los factores genéticos.
Principales resultados:
- El cribado basado en el riesgo no fue inferior para detectar cánceres en estadio ≥ IIB, pero no redujo las tasas de biopsias en comparación con el cribado anual.
- Se realizaron menos mamografías en el grupo basado en el riesgo, pero las tasas de biopsias no fueron significativamente más bajas.
- Las tasas de incidencia de cáncer, biopsia, mamografía y resonancia magnética aumentaron con las categorías de mayor riesgo.
Conclusiones:
- Cribado del cáncer de mama basado en el riesgo, que incorpora pruebas genéticas, riesgo estratificado eficaz y intensidad de cribado.
- Este enfoque no condujo a una reducción en las tasas de biopsias.
- Es posible que se necesiten más investigaciones para optimizar los protocolos de detección basados en el riesgo para reducir las biopsias innecesarias.
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