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¿Sally y… Cozmo? Entrenamiento de la teoría de la mente utilizando un robot de juguete: un estudio piloto

Davide Ghiglino¹, Federica Floris^2,3, Davide De Tommaso¹

¹Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.

Frontiers in psychology

|December 17, 2025

Resumen

Este estudio encontró que el uso de un robot de juguete con niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) mejoró sus habilidades de Teoría de la Mente (ToM) más que la terapia estándar. Las intervenciones asistidas por robot muestran una promesa para mejorar la cognición social en el TEA.

Área de la Ciencia:

Psicología del Desarrollo
Robótica en Educación
Psicología Clínica

Sus antecedentes:

Los niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) a menudo presentan déficits en la Teoría de la Mente (ToM), lo que afecta la interacción social.
El Análisis Conductual Aplicado (ABA) es un marco común para las intervenciones en el TEA.
Existe la necesidad de herramientas terapéuticas innovadoras para apoyar el desarrollo de la ToM en el TEA.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar la eficacia de un robot de juguete comercialmente disponible (Cozmo) para el entrenamiento de falsas creencias en niños con TEA.
Evaluar la terapia asistida por robot dentro de un marco ABA.
Comparar el entrenamiento asistido por robot con la terapia estándar para la ToM y el reconocimiento de emociones.

Principales métodos:

Un estudio piloto que involucró a catorce niños con TEA utilizó un diseño cruzado de dos períodos.
Las sesiones asistidas por robot incorporaron tareas adaptadas de falsas creencias (Caja Engañosa, Sally-Anne) utilizando Cozmo.
Las evaluaciones incluyeron NEPSY-II para ToM y reconocimiento de emociones en tres puntos de tiempo (T0, T1, T2).

Principales resultados:

La terapia asistida por robot produjo mejoras significativamente mayores en la ToM y el reconocimiento de emociones en comparación con la terapia estándar sola.
Los modelos de efectos mixtos confirmaron la significación estadística de estos hallazgos.
El estudio demostró la viabilidad de integrar robots en entornos clínicos.

Conclusiones:

Un robot de juguete asequible puede integrarse eficazmente en intervenciones clínicas estructuradas para el TEA.
El entrenamiento asistido por robot muestra potencial para mejorar los resultados relacionados con la ToM en niños con TEA.
Se justifican estudios a mayor escala para validar aún más estos prometedores resultados.

Palabras clave:

trastorno del espectro autista robótica comercial terapia asistida por robot cognición social teoría de la mente

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