Aplicaciones contemporáneas de los sistemas robóticos en implantología dental: una revisión

The integration of robotics into dental implantology represents a transformative shift towards enhanced surgical precision, consistency, and reproducibility. This review critically examines the development and clinical application of current dental implant robotic systems through th`e lens of robotic autonomy levels, as classified by contemporary frameworks. Emphasis is placed on systems operating at autonomy levels 0-1, (collaborative), and level 2, (task-autonomous), highlighting their procedural capabilities, limitations, and regulatory considerations. Although robotic systems demonstrate superior accuracy compared to either dynamic of static guided implant placement, several challenges persist, including high costs, complexity, clinical validation, scalability and constraints in performing biologically complex procedures. Previously cited barriers, such as restricted access to the posterior oral regions, are being increasingly addressed through flexible hardware and improved intraoral registration protocols. To support continued advancement, this review proposes strategic initiatives aimed at transitioning toward conditional autonomy (Level 3). These include simplification of surgical workflows, enhanced procedural flexibility, integration of AI-driven intraoperative adaptation, and modular system design. By focusing on robotic autonomy rather than general system overviews, this article offers a forward-looking perspective on how the next generation of dental surgical robots may achieve greater independence while maintaining safety, precision and clinical control.